sivrculi cnobiereba, rogorc saxelmwifoebrivi azrovnebis safuZveli

oTar qoCoraZe

saxelmwifo marTvis xelovneba gulisxmobs msoflios mamoZravebeli antagonisturi Zalebis gagebas, maTi faruli meqanizmis codnasa da regulirebas. saxelmwifo moRvawe - esaa kaci, romelsac SeuZlia awon-dawonos es Zalebi, daiurvos da sakuTar miznebs miusadagos isini.
marTvis xelovneba, uwinares yovlisa, adamianis _ misi bunebis, misi vnebebis, misi saarsebo moTxovnilebebisa da maTi dakmayofilebisaTvis brZolis nairgvar saSualebaTa codnas emyareba.
politikuri moRvaweobis sfero aris realuri, drosa da sivrceSi konkretulad arsebuli, cocxali, dinamiuri da mudmivad cvalebadi sinamdvile. politikis sferoSi adamianebi xelmZRvaneloben qcevis specifikuri motivebiT. aq warmatebis miRweva damokidebulia ama Tu im movlenebisa da qmedebebis gansWvretisa da swori gaTvlis unarze.
sivrculi cnobiereba, rogorc saxelmwifoebrivi azrovnebis safuZveli
filip moro defarJis azriT imisaTvis rom gaverkveT, Tu ra zegavlenas axdens sivrce politikur urTierTobebze saWiroa upirveles yovlisa gavecnoT im umniSvnelovanes meqanizmebs romelTa saSualebiTac adamianebi gamoimuSaveben sakuTar warmodgenebs sivrceze. (6)
adamiansa da sivrces Soris arsebobs moqnili dialeqtikuri kavSiri: sivrce xels uwyobs adamianis xasiaTis formirebas. Tavis mxriv adamiani, misi Sexedulebebi, saqcieli da Sroma mudmivad cvlian sivrces. adamiani arsebobs drosa da sivrceSi, romlebic mWidrod urTirTzemoqmedeben. droisa da sivrcis aTviseba iwyeba adreul asakSi. sivrce, romelsac iTvisebs da hqmnis bavSvi, warmoadgens rTul kompleqss, romelic TandaTanobiT ivseba sasiamovno da saSineli sagnebiT, mogonebebiT, simboloebiT. nebismier adamians, sazogadoebas (civilizacia, eri da ase Semdeg) warmodgenebi da cnebebi sivrceze uyalibdeba da ecvleba dagrovili gamocdilebis meoxebiT.
sivrce warmoadgens “obieqtur” realobas, magram adamianebi da maTi erTobebi mas aRiqvamen sakuTari “subieqturi SegrZnebebis” saSualebiT. sivrce warmoadgens garemos elements, romlisganac adamiani ver abstragirdeba, magram es elementi yovel konkretul situaciaSi sxvadasxvanairad zemoqmedebs. sam faqtors aqvs arsebiTi mniSvneloba arsebul situaciaSi gasarkvevad: cxovrebis wess, codnis donesa da sivrcis aTvisebis teqnikas da sazogadoebriv-politikuri struqturebis xasiaTs. istoriuli ganviTarebis procesSi am sami kategoriis faqtorebi mudmivad arian erTmaneTSi gadaxlarTulni da mudmiv zemoqmedebas axdenen erTmaneTze. mokled mimovixiloT TiToeuli maTgani.
sivrce arsebobs adamianis nebisagan damoukideblad, magram adamianebs gaaCniaT sakuTari moTxovnilebebi: sakvebze,EEsacxovrebelze, urTierTobebze, rwmena-warmodgenebze da ase Semdeg. amitomac adamianebi iwyeben sakuTari sivrcis mogonebas, aTvisebas, Seqmnas, ngrevas. es urTierTobebi adamiansa da sivrces Soris warmoSoben im sakvanZo procesebs, romlebic Seadgenen kacobriobis istoriis birTvs.
miwaTmoqmedTaTvis sivrce Semoifargleboda sakuTari miwis nakveTiT, sacxovrebeliTa da sofliT. isini ekuTvnian im miwas, romelsac amuSaveben da romelic uzrunvelyofs maT arsebobas. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, Taobidan TaobaSi isini iRebdnen mosavals miwis erTi da igive nakveTidan, Caketilebi iyvnen TavianT patara mikro samyaroSi, romelic Semoifargleboda maxlobeli horizontiT, romlis iqiTac imyofeboda ucxo da mtruli samyaro.
momTabareebisaTvis sivrce usasrulobas warmoadgenda. isini ipyrobdnen sivrces da aoxrebdnen mas, raTa kvlav axali sivrce daepyroT axali alafis mosapoveblad. miwaTmoqmedeebisagan gansxvavebiT isini mudmiv moZraobaSi iyvnen. isini qmnidnen uzarmazar imperiebs ( gavixsenoT monRolTa imperia), romlebic iseve male qrebodnen, rogorc nafexurebi qviSaSi.
moqalaqeebisaTvis sivrcul ganzomilebas warmoadgenen quCebi da prospeqtebi, qalaqis kedlebi. isini cxovroben da moZraoben xelovnurad Seqmnil sivrceSi, sadac xelovnuri faravs da malavs bunebrivs. cxovrebis ritmi nakarnaxebia ara weliwadis droebiTa da mziT, aramed saaTis isris dinji moZraobiT.
mwarmoeblebisaTvis simdidre xilulia da xelSesaxebi; xorbali, madani, manqanebi, moxmarebis sagnebi da sxva. XVIII saukunis fiziokratebis swavlebis Tanaxmad erTaderT WeSmarit simdidres warmoadgenda miwa, rameTu swored miwa kvebavs, acmevs da aTbobs adamians. msoflioSi mimdinare procesebis gagebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs kavSirs materialur warmoebas, siZlieresa da teritoriaze kontrols Soris. saxelmwifos siZliere ganpirobebulia rigi faqtorebiT: nedleulis wyaroebis floba (qvanaxSiri, rkina, navTobi). saxelmwifo-kontinentebi aSS da ruseTi flobdnen unikalur upiratesobas: isini uzrunvelyofdnen Tavis Tavs sakuTari nedleulis wyaroebiT avtarkiis pirobebSi. xolo saxelmwifoebi, romlebsac ar gaaCndaT msgavsi upiratesoba, iwyebdnen sakuTari imperiebis Seqmnas (inglisisa da safrangeTis kolonialuri imperiebi, hitleruli germaniis “sasicocxlo sivrce”, iaponiis “saerTo ayvavebis sfero”).
vaWrebisaTvis sivrce ganisazRvreba ara simdidris im raodenobiT romelic iq aris, aramed sasaqonlo da sanedleulo bazrebis potencialiT. misi simdidre iqmneba savaWro operaciebis Sedegad. aqedan gamomdinare sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs mimosvlis saSualebebs, kavSirgabmulobas, savaWro qsels, terminalebs. “. . .igi ezideba saqonels iqidan, sadac metia, iq saca uWirT da am gziT Svelis simdidris mofenas da morigebas yovelgan. . . . vaWroba, . . .imisTana ram aris, rom erTs binazed ar ayenebs kacs; saca gamorComaa da xeiri, iq aris imisi mamuli, imisi miwa-wyali” (ilia WavWavaZe). amave mizezis gamo vaWrebi Zalian mgrZnobiareni arian yovelgvari SezRudvebisa, romlebic aferxeben saqonlis, fulisa da samuSao Zalis moZraobas. preindustriuli evropeli vaWrebis logikis Tanaxmad aucilebeli iyo yvelaze usafrTxo da iaffasiani savaWro gzebis xelSi Cagdeba da maTze kontrolis ganxorcieleba. amisaTvis ki saWiro iyo “abreSumis did gzaze” uaris Tqma, vinaidan mas evropelebisadmi mtrulad ganwyobili islamuri saxelmwifoebi akontrolebdnen, da Soreuli aRmosavleTisaken mimavali sazRvao gzis moZebna an afrikis kontinentis SemovliT an kidev atlantiis okeanis gavliT.
miwa warmoadgens adamianis “bunebriv” sabinadros. masze arsebuli orientirebi (mTebi, xeobebi, velebi, mdinareebi), mxolod gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi ganicdian saxecvlilebas erTi Taobis cxovrebis manZilze. miwa SeiZleba moiniSnos, gaimijnos, daiyos. miwaze macxovrebeli adamiani emorCileba miTvisebis logikas. liberaluri filosofiis Tanaxmad mesakuTre warmoadgens sakuTari samflobelos absolutur patrons, sadac mas gaaCnia gankargvis sruli Tavisufleba.
mezRvaurebs esmiT, rom zRvebi ar eqvemdebarebian miTvisebas. mezRvauri iyenebs zRvas sakuTari saWiroebisaTvis. igi SeiZleba Seecados kidec daamyaros masze kontroli xmeleTis elementebze (yureebi, sruteebi, kunZulebi) dayrdnobiT. magaliTisaTvis gavixsenoT didi britaneTi, romelic XVII saukunidan moyolebuli meore msoflio omamde erTpirovnulad batonobda zRvebsa da okeaneebze iseT sakvanZo geografiul wertilebze kontrolis saSualebiT rogorebic iyo la-manSi, gibraltari, adeni, ormuzis srute, singapuri, honkongi. zRvebi da okeaneebi Seadgenen dedamiwis or mesameds da swored amitom Zalian Znelia am uzarmazari wylis sivrcis dayofa da danawileba.
arsebobs ori mosazreba sazRvao sazRvrebis Sesaxeb. erTni miiCneven, rom zRvebi da okeaneebi warmoadgenen Ria sivrces, sadac yvela qveyanas aqvs Tavisufali naosnobis ufleba. am koncefciis yvelaze erTguli damcveli iyo britaneTis imperia, rameTu misi upiratesoba gulisxmobda absoluturad SeuzRudav Tavisufal naosnobas, romlis erTaderT garantad gamodioda inglisis floti (elisabed I-dan moyolebuli ingliselebi mudmivad Tvalyurs adevnebdnen raTa maTi samxedro-sazRvao Zalebi ufro meti da Zlieri yofili, vidre maTi uaxloesi metoqeebis). meore msoflio omis Semdeg aSS gaxda, am sakiTxSi, britaneTis memkvidre.
warmodgenili koncefciis mowinaaRmdegeebad gamodian isini, vinc zRvebsa da okeaneebze avrcelebs teritoriuli mitacebebis logikas, rac warmoadgens nebismieri eri-saxelmwifos bunebriv saqciels. meore msoflio omis Semdeg okeaneebi ganixilebian ara marto rogorc sanaosno gzebi, aramed agreTve rogorc ekonomikuri interesebis zonebi (gazisa da navTobis sarewebi, mineraluri nedleulis wyaroebi da sxva). zRvebsa da okeaneebze gavrcelda sakuTrebisa da suverenitetis logika: teritoriuli wylebi anu 12 miliani sanapiro zoli, romlis statusi erovnuli teritoriis statusis tolfasia; kontinentaluri Selfi, romelic ganixileba, rogorc Sesabamisi saxelmwifos saxmeleTo samflobeloebis gagrZeleba; 200 miliani ekonomikuri zonebi, sadac mxolod zRvispira saxelmwifos aqvs ufleba moaxdinos biologiuri da sxva saxis resursebis eqspluatacia.
aviaciisa da kosmonavtikis warmatebebma warmoSves axali warmodgenebi sivrceze. adamianma pirvelad dainaxa sakuTari planeta gverdidan da TvalnaTliv darwmundnen imaSi, rom dedamiwa warmoadgens samyaros ukidegano sivrceSi dakargul patara burTulas. adamianma aRmoaCina, rom garkveuli manZilidan yvelaferi, is rac Seadgens misi cxovrebis safuZvels (saxli, qalaqi, gzebi da ase Semdeg), gamoiyureba, rogorc aramkafio ferad laqaTa erToblioba.
adamianis geopolitikuri cnobiereba yalibdeba im instrumentebisa da meTodebis zegavleniT, romelTa saSualebiTac xdeba sivrcis Seswavla. sivrcis Seswavla ar warmoadgens izolirebul process. igi mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli evoluciasTan ekonomikis, politikisa da kulturis sferoSi.
did geografiul aRmoCenebamde dedamiwis mxolod umniSvnelo nawili iyo Seswavlili da gadatanili geofrafiul ruqebze. yvelaze cnobil ruqas warmoadgenda eratosfenis (Cv. w.-mde 275-194ww.) mier Sedgenili ruqa. is iyo aleqsandriis mTavari biblioTekari, pirveli mecnieri, romelmac didi sizustiT gansazRvra dedamiwis wrexazi. am ruqaze gamosaxuli iyo xmelTaSua zRvisa da Savi zRvis auzi, naxevarkunZuli somali, arabeTis naxevarkunZuli da sparseTis yure. ramodenime saukunis Semdeg aleqsandrielma astronomma da geografma ptalomeusma (90-168 ww.) Seadgina ruqa, romelic Zalian hgavda eratosfenis ruqas da romelic gamoiyeneboda XVI saukunemde.
XVI saukunis ganmavlobaSi evropelebma daagroves uzarmazari informacia dedamiwis Sesaxeb. adamianis horizontis gafarToebas xeli Seuwyo kompasis farTo gamoyenebam. genuel, veneciel, florenciel da barselonel kartografTa dinastiebs ruqebze gadahqondaT axal aRmoCenaTa Sedegebi, romlebic ZiriTadad Seicavdnen monacenebs sanapiro zolis Sesaxeb. dgeba didi mogzaurobebis epoqa: kolumbi miemarTeba (1492-1498 ww.) saidumloebiT moculi dasavleTisaken, vasko da gamam Semouara afrikas da miaRwia indoeTamde, magelanma da elkanom (1519-1522 ww.) ganaxorcieles pirveli mogzauroba dedamiwis garSemo.
1507 wels germanelma kartografma martin valdzemiulerma gamoaqveyna msoflios ruqa, sadac aRniSnuli iyo dasavleT naxaevarsferoSi arsebuli miwa, romelsac man daarqva amerika ( florencieli amerigo vestpuCis saxeli). 1570 wels gamovida flamandieli orteliusis mier Sedgenili Theatrum orbis terrarum (pirveli msoflio atlasi). ruqaze aRiniSna dedamiwis mTeli zedapiri, yvela kontinentis adgilmdebareoba da proporciebi.
geografiuli codna gaxda mniSvnelovani politikuri faqtori. inglisisa da safrangeTis samefo xelisufleba yovelnairad xels uwyobda kukis (1768-1779 ww.) da laperuzis (1785-1788 ww.) samecniero eqspediciebis paeqrobas wynari okeanis Seswavlisas.
geografiuli aRmoCenebis Sedegad dedamiwa sul ufro da ufro iZenda erTiani sivrcis saxes, dakavSirebuls sazRvao da saxmeleTo komunikaciebiT, sadac Rvivdeboda evropul saxelwifoTa dapirispireba kolonialur samflobeloTa maqsimalurad gafarToebisaTvis. magaliTad dedamiwis pirveli ganawileba moxda, romis papis aleqsandre VI-is locva-kurTxeviT, espaneTsa da portugalias Soris 1493-1494 wlebSi todresiliasis xelSekrulebiT.
yovel epoqas da civilizacias gaaCnia sakuTari Sexedulebebi da warmodgenebi sivrceze. sun Zi naSromSi “traqtati samxedro xelovnebis Sesaxeb” (VI s. Cv. w.-mde) ganixilavs adgilmdebareobis 6 tips da sivrcis 9 tips, romlebic unda icodes strategma warmatebuli samxedro politikis warmoebisaTvis. igi wers: “. . . adgili formis mixedviT SeiZleba iyos Ria, arsebobs ferdobi (damreci), aris daRaruli, aris dablobi (tafobi), aris mTagoriani, aris moSorebuli.
. . . roca mec SemiZlia mivide da masac SeuZlia movides, aseT adgils Ria adgili hqvia. Ria adgilze, upirveles yovlisa dabanakdi amaRlebul adgilze, mis mzian mxares. moawyve gzebi sursaT-sanovagis Semosatanad. Tu am pirobebSi ibrZoleb, SenTvis xelsayreli iqneba.
. . . sadac wasvla iolia da mobruneba Zneli, aseT adgils ferdobi (damreci) ewodeba. ferdobze Tu mowinaaRmdege brZolisaTvis mzad ar aris da Sen gailaSqreb, _ Sen gaimarjveb. xolo Tu mowinaaRmdege mzad aris sabrZolvelad, gailaSqreb da ver gaimarjveb. ukan dabruneba Zneli iqneba; sargebeli ar iqneba.
. . . rodesac galaSqreba CemTvis xelsayreli ar aris, aseT adgils daRaruli ewodeba. daRarul adgilze maSinac ki ar gamoxvide, roca mowinaaRmdege raime sargebels mogcems kidevac, gaiyvane jari da wadi; aiZule mowinaaRmdege sanaxevrod wamovides Sensken da Tu maSin daartyam es SenTvis xelsayreli iqneba.
. . . dablobze (tafobze), Tu Sen pirveli dabanakdebi, aucileblad mTlianad daikave igi da ise daelode mowinaaRmdeges; Tu is dagaswrebs da pirveli dabanakdeba am velze da daikavebs mas, nu mihyvebi maSi, roca mas veli mTlianad jer ar daukavebia.
. . . mTagorian adgilze, Tu Sen piveli dabanakdi, aucileblad moTavsdi simaRleze mzian mxares da ase daelode mowinaaRmdeges; Tu mowinaaRmdegem dagaswro da pirveli dabanakda iq, gaiyvane jari da wadi iqidan, nu gahyvebi mas.
. . . moSorebul adgilze, roca ZalTa Tanafardobaa, mZimea mowinaaRmdegis brZolaSi gamowveva da Tu daiwyeb brZolas, verafers isargebleb.
am eqvs punqts Seicavs moZRvreba adgilis Sesaxeb. sardlis umaRlesi daniSnuleba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom man es unda icodes”.
“. . . arsebobs gafantulobis adgilebi, aramdgradobis adgilebi, sadavo adgilebi, adgilebi Serevis, gzajvaredinebi, seriozuli mdgomareobis adgilebi, ugzoobis adgilebi, garemocvis (alyis) adgilebi, sikvdilis adgilebi.
. . . roca Tavadebi sakuTar miwaze ibrZvian, _ es iqneba gafantulobis adgili; rodesac sxvis miwaze Sedian, magram Rrmad ar midian, _ es iqneba aramdgradi adgili; Tu me mas davipyrob da es CemTvis sasargeblo iqneba, magram Tu is daipyrobs mas, es misTvis sasargeblo iqneba, _ es aris sadavo adgili; Tu mec SemiZlia gaviaro am adgilze da masac SeuZlia gaiaros, _ es iqneba Serevis adgili; roca Tavadis miwa samives ekuTvnis da vinc pirveli miaRwevs am miwamde, yvelafers moipovebs cisqveSeTSi, _ es iqneba gzajvaredini; rodesac sxvis teritoriaze Rrmad Sedian da zurgSi mraval gamagrebul qalaqs toveben, _ es iqneba seriozuli mdgomareobis adgili; rodesac mTebiT da tyeebiT, xramebiTa da flateebiT, lamianiT da WaobebiT dafaruli, _ saerTod Znelad gasasvleli adgilebiT midian,_ es iqneba ugzo adgili. rodesac gza, romliTac Sedian _ viwroa, xolo gza, romliTac midian (gadian) _ Semosasvlelia (arapirdapiria); roca mas mcire ZalebiT SeuZlia Tavs daesxas Cems did Zalebs, _ es iqneba alyis adgili; rodesac brZolaSi ebmebian swrafad, cocxlebi rCebian, xolo roca brZolaSi swrafad ar ebmebian, iRupebian, _ es iqneba sikvdilis adgili.
. . . amitom gafantulobis adgilze nu ibrZoleb; aramdgradobis adgilze Setevaze nu gadaxval, sadavo adgilzec Setevaze nu gadaxval; Sereul adgilze kavSirebs nu dakargav; gzajvaredinebze urTierTobebi daamyare; seriozuli mdgomareobis adgilebze Zarcve; ugzo adgilebSi iare; alyis adgilze iazrovne (ifiqre); sikvdilis adgilze ibrZole”. (sun Zi. tarqtati samxedro xelovnebis Sesaxeb. Tbilisi. 2000. gv. 57,60).
adamiansa da istoriaze bunebrivi garemos (klimati, niadagi, mdinareebi, zRvebi da sxva) zegavlenaze msjelobdnen herodote, hipokrate, Tukidide, polbiusi, straboni, aristotele. magaliTad aristotele (384-322 ww.) naSromSi “politika” xazs uavamda kunZul kretas geopolitikuri adgilmdebareobis gansakuTrebul xasiaTs: “ kreta, Tavisi adgilmdebareobiT, mowodebulia ibatonos saberZneTze”.
XVI saukunis arabi geografi ibn halduni erTmaneTs ukavSirebda adamianuri erTobis sulier Zalebs, maT unars darazmuliyvnen da ebrZolaT Zlieri imperiebis dasaarseblad da SesanarCuneblad da im impulsebs, romlebic warmoiSvebian bunebrivi garemodan.
frangi mecnieri Jan bodeni (1530-1596 ww.) naSromSi “eqvsi wigni saxelmwifos Sesaxeb” cvlilebebsa da gansxvavebebs saxelmwifoebriv mowyobaSi xsnida sami mizeziT: RvTis nebiT, adamianuri TavnebobiT da bunebis zegavleniT. pirvel adgilze, zegavlenis siZlieris mixedviT, is ayenebda geografiul mizezebs, xolo geografiul faqtorebSi _ klimats. dedamiwas igi hyofda sam nawilad: cxel _ ekvatorul, civ _ polarul da saSualo _ zomier nawilebad. misi azriT xalxebis xasiaTi, pirvel rigSi, damokidebuli aris maTi ganviTarebis klimatur pirobebze. CrdiloeTSi cxovroben fizikurad ufro Zlieri da mebrZoli (brZolisunariani, brZolis dauokebeli JiniT Sepyrobili) adamianebi, samxreTSi _ ufro niWierebi. Jan bodenis azriT, Tu istorias swored gaviazrebT, davinaxavT, rom udides mxedarTmTavrebs CrdiloeTi warmoSobs, xolo samxreTi _ xelovnebas, filosofiasa da maTematikas. frangi ganmanaTlebeli Sarl lui monteskie (1689-1755 ww.) miiCnevda, rom civ klimatur pirobebSi adamianebi ufro zneobrivebi arian. zomier klimatSi _ zneobrivad aramdgradi, rameTu am klimatis ara saTanadod gamokveTili Tvisebebi ver aZlevs maT mdgradobas. cxeli klimati asustebs adamianebis xasiaTs, rasac mivyavarT monobis ganviTarebamde.
XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi geografia gardaiqmna organizebul, struqturirebul mecnierebad. daiwyo misi swavleba uamrav samecniero centrebSi. mis progress xeli Seuwyo samecniero eqspediciebma, informaciis dagrovebam, sabunibismetyvelo mecnierebebis viwro specializaciam (calke disciplinebad gamoiyo geologia, botanika, astronomia da sxva).
XIX saukuneSi daiwyes dagrovebuli informaciis klasificireba da sistematizireba. moyvarulTa adgili daikaves profesionalebma. daiwyo geografiuli bumi: parizSi (1821 w.), berlinSi (1828 w.), londonSi (1830 w.), ruseTSi (1845 w.), niu-iorkSi (1852 w.) daarsda geografiuli sazogadoebebi. geografiis swavleba daiwyes universitetebSi. gamoica samecniero naSromebi: 1818 wels arsenevis mokle sayovelTao geografia, 1810-1829 ww. konrad malt-briunis msoflio geografiis kursi. daarsda specializirebuli Jurnalebi: 1891 wels parizSi _ Annales de geographie, 1893 wels londonSi _ Geographical Journal. geografiis sferoSi TanamSromlobam miiRo saerTaSoriso xasiaTi: 1871 wels antverpenSi Catarda pirveli geografiuli kongresi, 1922 wels daarsda saerTaSoriso geografiuli kavSiri.
adamianebis geografiulma cnobierebam ganicada sagrZnobi cvlilebebi wignebis, gazeTebis, fotosuraTebisa da filmebis saSualebiT,ALE romlebic saSualebas iZleodnen ukeT gacnobodnen Soreul qveynebs: msoflios pirveli Tanamedrove atlasi (1817 w.), cnobili germanuli biblioTekis “Baedeker”-is pirveli tomi (1839 w.), Michelin-is pirveli sagzao ruqebi da gzamkvlevi (1901 w.), Jiul vernis, main ridis, fenimor kuperis wignebi da sxva.
XIX saukuneSi, evropaSi zogadi ganaTlebis ganviTarebis Sedegad, erovnuli cnobierebis umniSvnelovanesi komponentebi xdebian geografia, literatura da istoria. amaTu im erisadmi individis kuTvnileba gulisxmobs masze mocemuli eris enis, kulturis, zne-Cveulebebis, warsulisa da sivrculi realiebis gadamwyvet zegavlenas. amiT aixsneba saskolo geografiuli ruqebis uzarmazari mniSvneloba masze asaxuli samSobloTi, misi teritoriiT, misi sazRvrebiT da koloniebiT, raTqmaunda Tuki isini aqvs. XX saukunis dasawyisSi nebismieri patara ingliseli msoflios baton-patronad grZnobda Tavs, britaneTis imperiisadmi kuTvnilebis gamo. pirveli msoflio omis win frangi moswavleebi yoveldRiurad xedavdnen geografiul ruqebze TavianT qveyanas germanelebis mier aneqsirebuli elzasisa da loTaringiis gareSe (es provinciebi Savad iyo gaferadebuli), samagierod franguli droSebi “amSvenebdnen” alJirs, indoCineTsa da afrikis mniSvnelovan nawils.
geografebi aqtiurad monawileoben erovnuli cnobierebis CamoyalibebaSi, kerZod adamianisa da sivrcis urTierTmimarTebis gacnobierebis procesSi. moviyvanoT ramodenime magaliTi:
“istoria mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli geografiasTan. Cven ar SegviZlia visaubroT feodalur an provincialur istoriaze, Tuki ar davaxasiaTebT TiToeul provincias. magram aseve arasakmarisia qveynis sxvadasxva regionebis geografiuli monacemebis ubralo gadmocema. upirveles yovlisa warmodgenili unda iyos am provinciebis nayofi anu maT istoriasTan dakavSirebuli adamianebi da movlenebi”. [Jiul miSle (1798-1874 ww.), safrangeTis istoria, wigni III, safrangeTis suraTi, 1833-1867 ww.].
“biogeografia saxelmwifos ganixilavs, rogorc dedamiwis zedapirze sicocxlis gavrcelebis formas. saxelmwifo, iseve rogorc yoveli cocxali arseba, midrekilia rigi faqtorebis zemoqmedebisaken. is, rac xels uwyobs adamianebis gavrcelebas dedamiwaze, agreTve xels uwyobs maTi saxelmwifoebis gafarToebas. Zalian iSviaTia saxelmwifoebis warmoSobis SemTxvevebi polarul olqebsa da udabnoebSi. saxelmwifoebi praqtikulad ar viTardebian tropikul zonebSi, uRran tyeebsa da maRalmTianeTSi, magram gaaCniaT zrdis mdgradi tendencia mosaxleobis mdgradi zrdis pirobebSi. mudmivi cvlilebebi saxelmwifos xasiaTsa da moculobaSi TvalnaTliv metyveleben im faqtze, rom isini cocxloben da ganicdian evolucias. saxelmwifoebrivi sazRvrebi ganxiluli unda iyos, rogorc organuli da araorganuli moZraobis gamovlineba; elementarul saxelmwifoebriv warmonaqmnebs gaaCniaT ujredovani qsovilis struqtura. . . TvalSisacemia sicocxlis formaTa msgavseba, dakavSirebuli niadagTan. . . saxelmwifo aris cocxali organizmi ara marto imitom, rom warmoadgens xalxis cxovrebis garkveul teritoriaze mibmis meqanizms, aramed imitomac, rom es kavSiri Tanaziarobis Sedegad im donemde Zlierdeba, rom xalxi da teritoria warmoadgens erTian mTlians, rodesac erTis warmodgena meores gareSe SeuZlebelia. . . cxovelTa da mcenareTa samyaroSi yvelaze srulyofili aris is organizmi, romlis nawilebic wiraven sakuTar damoukideblobas mTlianis SesanarCuneblad. am TvalsazrisiT, saxelmwifo warmoadgens ukiduresad arasrulyofil organizms. . . rac ufro maRalia saxelmwifos ganviTarebis done, miT ufro mets cdilobs igi Tavi daaRwios sakuTar organul safuZvels. maSasadame saxelmwifos Sedareba cocxal organizmTan ufro samarTliania im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saubaria primitiul saxelmwifoze, da naklebad samarTliania rodesac vgulisxmobT maRalganviTarebul saxelmwifos. . . xalxma unda icxovros da mokvdes im miwaze, romelic mas bedma arguna, daemorCilos sakuTar xvedrs”. [ fidrix ratceli (1844-1904 ww.), politikuri geografia, 1897w.].
“qveynis politikas _ rogorc misi bunebis namdvil Zalebs _ adamianis, xalxis survili ki ara, am qveynis geografiuli mdebareoba gansazRvravs. politika axali moduri “Sliapka” ki ar aris, romlis cvla Cvens neba survilzea damokidebuli, aramed iseTive tradiciuli, ucvleli da mama-papuri ganZia, rogoric aris erovneba, sarwmunoeba. sanam Savi zRvidan gasasvleli srute osmalos xelSia, sanam samxreTiT osmaleTi da sparseTi gvakravs, aRmosavleTiT leki da TaTari, CrdiloeTiT _ ruseTi, bevric rom movindomod ver avicilebT im politikas romelic aurCeviaT saqarTvelos gmirebs, bevri cdis, Zebnis da msxverplis Semdeg. ukeTesi, rom SesaZlo yofiliyo, gana daemalebodaT? Cvenze naklebad swyurodaT damoukidebloba? sakuTari gvirgvini Cvenze nakleb uyvardaT? ra Zalam da aucileblobamac gastexa es devebi is axlac ucvlelad arsebobs”. [niko nikolaZe, Cem politikaze. 1913 w.].
“geopolitika _ aris mecniereba saxelmwifos, rogorc sivrceSi ganfenili geografiuli organizmis Sesaxeb. saxelmwifo, rogorc qveyana, rogorc teritoria an rogorc imperia. am politikuri mecnierebis mudmiv obieqts warmoadgens unificirebuli saxelmwifo, igi miiswrafis gaacnobieros misi arsi, maSin rodesac politikuri geografia asaxavs informacias planetaze, rogorc adamianTa erTobebis arsebobis adgilze”. [rudolf Celeni (1864-1922 ww.), saxelmwifo, rogorc sicocxlis forma. 1916 w. _ neologizmi “geopolitika”-s avtori].
“geografia mowodebulia axsnas, Tu rogor urTierTmoqmedeben da erwymian erTmaneTs dedamiwis sxvadasxva nawilebSi is fizikuri da biologiuri kanonebi, romlebic marTaven samyaros. . . isini mniSvnelovan nawilad warmoadgenen adamianuri moRvaweobis Sedegs, romelic bunebriv faqtorebs aniWebs aucilebel erTobas. . . geografiuli individualuroba ar warmoadgens bunebis mier mocemul raRac mocemulobas; igi aris mxold is rezervuari, sadac sZinavs bunebis mier Cadebul energias, romlis gaRviZebac mxolod adamians SeuZlia”. [ pol vidal de la blanSi (1845-1918 ww.), aRmosavleT safrangeTi, 1919 w.].
“. . . geopolitika, rogorc mecnieruli politikisa da dedamiwis zedapiris nebismieri sivrculi gardaqmnis safuZveli, gansakuTrebiT mdidari kulturis mqone xalxisaTvis, romelmac ganicada SemaZrwunebeli Seryeva da imyofeba Warbdasaxlebuli kontinentis centrSi, SesaZloa warmoadgens saerTo sasicocxlo sivrceSi myofi milionobiT adamianis SexedulebaTa SeTanxmebis erT-erT iSviaT saSualebas, Tundac im sakiTxebSi, romlebsac sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs yvelasaTvis.
geopolitikuri sferos siRrmiseuli Semecneba Tavisufali unda iyos partiuli winaswarSeqmnili azrisagan, erTnairad marTebuli rogorc ukiduresi memarcxeneebisaTvis aseve ukiduresi memarjveneebisaTvis, raTa nebismierma, romelic flobs aucilebel gamocdilebasa da geopolitikur codnas, ganaxorcielos saxelmwifos politikuri xelmZRvaneloba, politikuri Sexedulebebisa da partiuli kuTvnilebis miuxedavad.
amitomac bunebrivia, rom Cven zogierT saukeTeso geopolitikur naSroms vxvdebiT, rogorc kapitalizmis momxre anglo-saqsur qveynebSi, aseve maT moskovel mowinaaRmdegeebTan. geopolitikuri Sromebi, Tavisi arsiT, ar unda iyvnen damokidebuli maTi avtorebis sazogadoebriv mdgomareobaze, partiul kuTvnilebaze, da im adgilze dedamiwis zurgze, sadac isini gangebis nebiT aRmoCndnen”. [karl haushoferi, 1931 wels berlinis radioTi gamosvlis teqsti].
“ra SeuZlia amoiRos geopolitikam konkretuli realobidan, scenis sqematizmidan, msaxiobTa strategiidan da diplomatiidan? geopolitikis TvalsazrisiT, sagareo politika warmoadgens dasaxuli miznebis misaRwevad garkveuli saSualebebis gamoyenebis saSualebas. saxelmwifoebi sakuTari usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad an sagareo eqspansiis gansaxorcieleblad axdenen resursebis, anu adamianebis, warmoebis saSualebebis, iaraRis mobilizebas. magram eqspansiis mimarTuleba, iseve rogorc sagareo safrTxis mimarTuleba, ukve aris asaxuli globusze, Tuki geografs sworad SeuZlia Seafasos is bunebrivi faqrotebi, romlebic warmoadgenen qveynis ayvavebisa da siZlieris garantias. geopolitika, Tavis TavSi aerTianebs diplomatiuri da strategiuli urTierTobebis geografiul sqematizacias, resursebis geografiul da ekonomikur analizTan, diplomatiuri poziciebis interpretaciasTan, romelic iTvaliswinebs rogorc mosaxleobis cxovrebis wess (mkvidri, momTabare, miwaTmoqmedi, mezRvauri), aseve garemos xasiaTs”. [ raimon aroni (1905-1983 ww.), omi da mSvidoba erebs Soris, 1962 w.].
“geopolitika unda ganvasxvavoT Geopolitik-sagan. pirveli warmoadgens politikur mecnierebas, anu politikuri struqturebis Seswavlis Sedegs, da ar gulisxmobs savaldebulo politikur qmedebebs. meore, anu Geopolitik, Tavis TavSi Seicavs uzarmazari raodenobis samuSaoebs da tendenciur kartografias, romlebmac arsebiTi ganviTareba ganicades germaniaSi 20-iani wlebidan moyolebuli III raihis aRsasrulamde. igi eyrdnoba, germaniis farglebs gareT mcxovrebi, damsaxurebuli geopolitikosebis gamokvlevebsa da ideebs, magram mis mTavar mizans warmoadgens propaganda. Tumca geopolitikam ver SesZlo bolomde ganTavisuflebuliyo haushoferisa da misi momxreebis ukiduresobebisagan, magram amisda miuxedavad praqtikulad msoflios yvela qveynis sagareo politika da TavdacviTi politika Sendeba geopolitikuri faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT. SesaZloa, geopolitika modidan gamovida, magram globaluri geografiuli realiebis politikuri interpretacia mniSvnelovan, Tumca zogjer mciredSesamCnev rols TamaSobs problemebis gadawyvetis Cvenebur midgomaSi”. [kolin s. grei, birTvuli epoqis geopolitika, 1977 w.].
geopolitikuri cnobiereba, anu sivrcis, rogorc siZlieris gamovlenis sferos Semecneba, upirveles yovlisa samTavrobo wreebSi vrceldeboda. axali welTaRricxvis 2 wels romis imperatorma oqtavianem sakuTar xalxs warudgina msoflios ruqa. es iyo pirveli mcdeloba gamoesaxaT mTeli samyaro, ufro swored romaelebisaTvis im dros cnobili samyaros nawilebi. masze asaxuli iyo mxolod xmelTaSua zRvis auzi, miuxedavad imisa, rom romaelebs hqondaT met-naklebad regularuli kavSirebi sparseTTan, indoeTTan, CineTTan.
romis imperiis dacemis Semdeg, rasac mohyva codnis uzarmazari moculobis dakargva, Suasaukuneebis evropa, ZiriTadad dakavebuli sakuTari TaviT, danawevrebuli uamrav feodalur samflobeloebad veRar flobs sivrcis aRqmis farTo horizonts. TiToeuli samTavro, suverenitetisa da vasaluri damokidebulebis urTulesi sistemis nawili, gaafTrebiT ibrZvis sakuTari samflobeloebis SenarCunebisa da gafarToebisaTvis (kapetingebi safrangeTs il-de-fransis garSemo, plantagenetebi ingliss londonis garSemo, hohenStaufenebi germanias, bagrationebi saqarTvelos quTaisis garSemo da sxva).
sivrceze warmodgenebis kardinaluri cvlilebisaTvis saWiro gaxda ramodenime mdgomareobis Tanxvedra: indoeTisa da CineTisaken SemovliTi gzebis Zieba, vinaidan gzajvaredini evropas, aziasa da afrikas Soris islams hqonda Cagdebuli xelSi; mniSvnelovani progresi zRvaosnobis teqnikaSi _ astronomiuli navigaciis ganviTareba, romelic saSualebas aZlevda zRvaosnebs uproblemod evloT zRvebsa da okeaneebSi.
Svidwliani omi (1756-1766 ww) gaxda planetaruli masStabis pirvel konfliqti. evropis, kanadis, indoeTis sabrZolo moqmedebis Teatrebze erTmaneTs daejaxa inglisisa da safrangeTis globaluri ambiciebi. inglisi, garda imisa, rom flobda samflobeloebs ramodenime kontinentze, iyo pirveli saxelmwifo, romelsac msoflio masStabiT hqonda organizebuli Tavisi strategia. ingliss dasaxuli hqonda mizani: mas surda ara marto yvelaze meti teritoriebis floba (yvela rjulis dampyroblebis tradiciuli ocneba), mas undoda agreTve zRvebsa da okeaneebze, saerTaSoriso mimosvlis gzebze upirobo kontrolis daweseba. amiT aixsneba is Jiniani mizanswrafva, romliTac londoni xelidan ar uSvebda sruteebs hibraltaridan keTili imedis koncxamde da suecidan singapuramde. am globalur dapirispirebaSi safranTeTi daamarcxa ingliselTa mkafio strategiam da ZalTa maqsimalurma koncentraciam. parizis xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad (1763 w.) safrangeTma dahkarga Tavisi samflobeloebis didi nawili (kanada, luiziana, teritoriebi misisipis aRmosavleTiT . . . ). es dapirispireba gagrZelda safrangeTis revoluciisa da napoleonis mmarTvelobis periodSi 1815 wlis CaTvliT. safrangeTma da misma kontinentaluri imperiis proeqtma kvlav marcxi ganicada. zRvaTa mbrZanebeli britaneTi kvlavac zeimobda.
Tanamedrove saxelmwifos warmoSobam da ganmtkicebam, romelSic vlindeba sami geografiuli faqtoris mWidro urTierTmoqmedeba, xeli Seuwyo adamianebis mier xmeleTis mTeli sivrcis, rogorc didi saxelmwifoebis interesebis Sejaxebis erTian velad aRqmas.
es geografiuli faqtorebia:
sazRvrebi _ suverenitetebis moqmedebis sferoebis gamyofi xazebi.
politikuri sazRvari, erTdroulad, warmoadgens mocemuli saxelmwifos sagareo garss da mis mezoblebTan kontaqtis xazs. Tanamedrove sazRvrebi dgindebian saxelmwifoebrivi meqanizmis, romelsac gaaCnia unari ganaxorcielos suvereniteti mocemul teritoriaze da marTos misi mosaxleoba, Seqmnis paralelurad. sagareo garsi miuTiTebs suverenitetis ganxorcielebisa da misi gamovlinebis zRvars: mocemuli saxelmwifos fulis brunva, misi moqalaqeebis jarSi gawveva, xandaxan oficialuri enis moqmedebis sfero. sazRvari agreTve asrulebs qveynis teritoriis aRmniSvnel simbolur funqcias. istoriuli sazRvrebi iqmnebodnen an GgareSe Zalebis zemoqmedebiT, an kidev iqmnebodnen mezobel saxelmwifoebTan Sejaxebebis Sedegad. politikuri, ideologiuri, lingvisturi da religiuri gansxvavebebis miuxedavad saxelmwifo sazRvari warmoadgens universaluri xasiaTis erTaderT normas.
sazRvris Tanamedrove gageba, _ suverenitetebis moqmedebis sferos gamyofi xazebi, _ aRmocenda biurokratiuli suverenuli saxelmwifoebis ganmtkicebasTan erTad. sxva kontinentebis kolonizaciis periodSi evropelebma danarCen samyarozec gaavrceles teritoriebis zusti gamijvnis sakuTari koncefcia da mTeli dedamiwa daifara sazRvrebiT, romlebic gavlebuli iyo konkretuli pirobebidan gamomdinare: imperiebs Soris gamyofi xazebi (espaneTsa da portugalias Soris samxreT amerikaSi, ruseTsa da CineTs Soris cimbirSi, kolonialur saxelmwifoebs Soris afrikaSi . . . ) an imperiebis SigniT, sadac damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg administraciul-teritoriuli warmonaqmnebis sazRvrebi gadaiqcnen saxelmwifo sazRvrebad magaliTad: inglisis koloniebi, damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg, indostanis naxevarkunZulze gayofili iqna indoeTsa da pakistans Soris); pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg (1919-1920 ww.) evropaSi daiwyo sazRvrebis radikaluri gadasinjva da warmoiqmna bevri axali saxelmwifo.
sazRvrebi xels uwyoben saxelmwifoebis mier Tavis Tavis, rogorc erTiani mTelis aRqmas, romelic gansxvavdeba sxva saxelmwifoebisagan da romelsac sakuTar teritoriaze gaaCnia ucilobeli suvereniteti
eri-saxelmwifos suvereniteti gulisxmobs sakuTar teritoriasa da masze macxovrebel mosaxleobaze kontrolis gansakuTrebul uflebas; gamoricxavs erovnuli saxelmwifos ramenair daqvemdebarebas zeerovnuli organoebisadmi.
saxelmwifo unda gaxdes erTgvarovani, moaxdinos sakuTari sivrcis unificireba, raTa aRiqvas Tavisi Tavi rogorc erTiani mTliani da am saxiTve iqnes aRqmuli sxva subieqtebis mier. amiT aixsneba centraluri xelisuflebis mravalsaukunovani brZola adgilobrivi Taviseburebebis nebismieri gamovlenebis winaaRmdeg: religiuri, kulturuli, enobrivi da ase Semdeg. saxelmwifo xelisufleba meTodurad spobs yvelafer imas, ramac SeiZleba safrTxe Seuqmnas erovnul erTobas. msoflios yvela saxelmwifo midis msgavsi unifikaciis gziT, Tumca rig SemTxvevebSi centraluri xelisufleba, Seqmnili situaciidan gamomdinare, midis kompromisze regionebTan. feodaluri daqucmacebulobis pirobebSi (amomavali mzis qveynidan moyolebuli nislovan albionamde) _ daimioebisaTvis, mandarinebisaTvis, rajebisaTvis, xanebisa da faSebisaTvis, erisTavebisa da TavadebisaTvis, boiarebisa da didi TavadebisaTvis, markgrafebisa da kurfurstebisaTvis, donebisa da grandebisaTvis, sisxlis princebisa da hercogebisaTvis, baronebisa da lordebisaTvis _ provinciebi da regionebi warmoadgendnen, mxolod da mxolod erovnuli teritoriis fragmentebs, romlebsac ipyrobdnen an kargavdnen, gamarjvebis an damarcxebis Sesabamisad. situacia kardinalurad icvleba, rodesac Cndeba erovnuli idea. saxelmwifos teritoria xdeba wminda: igi ukve ekuTvnis xalxs da ara monarqs.
eris kultis paralelurad XIX saukuneSi gavrcelda sivrcis mistika.
ra gvaqvs Cven mxedvelobaSi?: zogierTma xalxma ocneba daiwyo egreT wodebul srulyofil teritoriebze.
safrangeTma, revoluciuri omebis periodSi, dantonis zegavleniT, moiTxova “bunebrivi sazRvrebis” damkvidreba. es niSnavda saxelmwifo sazRvris gavlebas bunebrivi dabrkolebebis gaswvriv anu reinis mTeli marcxena sanapiros aneqsias. “bunebrivi sazRvrebis” miTi asaxavs nebismieri kontinentaluri saxelmwifos gulistkivils imis Sesaxeb, rom igi ar mdebareobs romelime kunZulze, anu ar flobs ucilobel teritoriul sazRvrebs, rac Tavis mxriv warmoadgens absoluturi usafrTxoebis garantias.
germania, 1848 wlidan meore msoflio omamde, avadmyofuri simwvaviT aRiqvamda sakuTari saxelmwifo sazRvrebisa da germanelTa gansaxlebis sazRvrebis Seusabamobas. evropis centrSi myof germanias surda hqonoda sakmarisi sivrce, raTa gaeerTianebina yvela germaneli erTi saxelmwifos farglebSi. am akviatebulma ideam, adolf hitleris xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg, miiRo politikuri da samxedro doqtrinis saxe. Sedegi: meore msoflio omi.
zogadad, nebismieri saxelmwifos teritoria warmogvidgeba, rogorc arasrulyofili, arasakmarisi. xSir SemTxvevaSi igi moicavs erovnul umciresobaTa gansaxlebis adgilebs, romlebic ucxoelebad grZnoben Tavs am saxelwifoSi; amavdroulad, erovnuli sazRvrebis miRma, cxovroben adamianebi, romlebsac surT icxovron am qveyanaSi (erovnul umciresobaTa da iredentizmis mudmivi problema). dResac arian Zalebi, romlebic ara marto uaryofen realuri samyaros arasrulyofilebas, aramed cdiloben miaRwion SeuZlebel “srulyofilebas”( gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi es gamovlinda “eTnikur wmendebSi” ferganas dablobSi, somxeTSi, azerbaijanSi, saqarTveloSi, iugoslaviaSi da sxva).
sivrcis mistika warmoSobs teritoriuli dapyrobebis moTxovnilebas da gardaqmnis saxelmwifoebriv sazRvrebs axali eqspansiis zRvarad. Tavis droze es tendencia gamovlinda ruseTSi cimbirisa da Sua aziis miwebis xelSi CagdebiT, xolo SeerTebul StatebSi _ egreT wodebuli “veluri” dasavleTis dapyrobiT.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi adamianebis geografiuli cnobierebis organizeba xdeba sami ZiriTadi elementis garSemo:
_ dedamiwis teritoriis zRvruli xasiaTi. Cveni Tanamedroveobis bevri movlena da problema ubiZgebs adamianebs Cveni planeta ganixilon, rogorc erTiani mTeli. es niSnavs, rom problema mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iqneba gadawyvetili, Tu mTeli kacobrioba, an misi udidesi nawili, gamoimuSavebs erTian midgomas maT gadasawyvetad. problemebi ki uamravia: ganiaraReba (birTvuli iaraRisa da saraketo teqnologiebis gavrceleba), garemos dacva (atmosferos, zRvebisa da okeaneebis dabinZureba, tropikuli tyeebis ganadgureba, narCenebis ukanono gadaadgilebebi), ekonomikuri da finansuri sakiTxebis daregulireba (kapitalis moZraoba), planetis resursebsa da maT moxmarebas Soris wonasworobis darRveva.
_ dapyroba da gayofa. samyaro, rogorc geografiuli sivrce didi xania rac gamokvleulia, dapyrobilia, dayofilia. dRevandel dRes Ria zRvebis, samxreT polusisa da kosmosuri sivrcis garda yvelaferi ganawilebuli aris suverenul saxelmwifoebs Soris.
_ sazRvrebis gamWvirvaloba. sasazRvro xazi sul ufro da ufro gamWvirvale gaxda: xdeba fulis, samuSao Zalis, informaciis. . . gadaadgileba. oficialuri sazRvrebis gverdiT warmoiSvebian moZravi sazRvrebi, romlebic sxvadasxva sferoSi sxvadasxvanairad yalibdebian.

literatura :
Ø niko nikolaZe. rCeuli Txzulebani. qarTuli mwerloba. t. 14. Tb; 1997
Ø sun Zi. “traqtati samxedro xelovnebis Sesaxeb”. Tbilisi,
Ø dugini a. geopolitikis safuZvlebi. Tbilisi, 1999
Ø hanTingtoni s. civilizaciaTa Sexla. almanaxi. “sazogadoeba da politika’, II, 1999.
Ø zbignev bJezinski. didi cvlilebebi. almanaxSi “sazogadoeba da politika”. I. 1996.
Ø Моро-Дефарж Ф. Введение в геополитику. - М.: Конкорд, 1996.
Ø Нартов Н.А. Геополитика.М.,1999
Ø Гаджиев К.Э. Введение в геополтику.М.,2000
Ø Киссинджер. Г. Дипломатия. М., 1995
Ø Morgenthau Hans J. Politics Among Nations. The Struggle for Power and Peace. Second Edition, Alfred a. Knopt. New York, 1955.
Ø Spykman N.J. America's Strategy in World Politics. The United States and the Balance of Power. - New York, 1942. P. 41.
Ø Тойнби А.Дж. Постижение истории. - М., 1991.
Ø Мэхэн А.Т. Влияние морской силы на историю 1660-1793. - М.-Л., 1941. C. 23.
Ø Полибий. Всеобщая история в сорока книгах. Т.1. - М., 1890. C. 429.
Ø Монтескье Ш. Избранные произведения. - М. 1955. C. 352.
Ø Ратцель Ф. Народоведение. Т.1. - М., 1893. С.3.
Ø Макиндер Х. Дж. Георафическая ось истории. // Полис. - 1995. - ©4. - C.166.
Ø Spykman N.J. The Geography of the Peace. - New York, 1944. Р.43.


Otar Kochoradze

Spatial consciouness, as a basis of state thinking

SUMMARY

The analysis of influence of space on the political relations assumes preliminary study of major mechanisms, by means of which the people develop their understanding of space. There is a flexible dialectic relation between a person and space: if the space promotes formation of a person’s character, in its turn the person, his opinions, actions and work continuously change the space.

A person exists in space and time, and both these factors are closely interrelated. Space is the "objective" reality, but people and their communities perceive it through their "subjective feelings". Space is an element of the external environment from which a man can not abstract himself, however this element influences each specific situation in a different way.