kategoria `sivrce”-s politikuri da ekonomikuri aspeqtebis SedarebiTi analizi

oTar qoCoraZe
kategoria `sivrce”-s politikuri da ekonomikuri aspeqtebis SedarebiTi analizi

Tanamedrove gagebiT sivrce es aris materialuri procesebisa da obieqtebis arsebobis forma, romelic axasiaTebs maT struqturulobasa da ganfenilobas.
sivrce es aris obieqtebis urTierTmdebareobisa da koordinaciis urTierTobebi, rolebic arseboben drois raRac momentSi. sivrce axasiaTebs sxeulebis mdebareobas erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi, asaxavs erTdroulad arsebuli obieqtebis ganlagebis rigs, maT ganfenilobas, maT Soris manZils, kuTxeebs sxvadasxva mimarTulebebs Soris.
sivrces ar gaaCnia damoukidebeli yofiereba, da rogorc aseTi igi ar SeiZleba mocemuli iyos SegrZnebaSi, _ SegrZnebaSi mocemulia obieqtebi (romlebsac gaaCniaT moqmedebis atributi) romlebsac aqvT sivrcul-droiTi Tvisebebi. amitom sivrcis obieqturoba ar niSnavs mis materialurobas pirdapiri gagebiT. sivrce _ es aris materialuri sagnebisa da obieqtebis erTdagvari urTierTobebi. magram arsebobs ara sivrce TavisTavad, aramed materiis moZraoba. sivrcis dakaveba (adgilis, adgilmdebareobis qona) sxeulis an nawilakisaTvis niSnavs unars iqonios moculoba, reliefi (forma) da koordinatebi sxva sxeulebTan an nawilakebTan mimarTebaSi. sivrce aris urTierToba (“wesrigi”), romelic gamoiyeneba mxolod sxva sxeulebTan, sxeulTa “rigTan” mimarTebaSi.
sivrces gaaCnia Semdegi Tvisebebi: absoluturoba, fardobiToba, ganfeniloba, tevadoba, usasruloba, erTgvarovneba.
tradiciuli geopolitikuri gagebiT sivrce Seicavs Tavis TavSi rogorc sakuTar fizikur sivrces (teritorias), aseve mis geografiul vels (geografiuli urTierTkavSirebi). Tuki fizikuri sivrcisaTvis damaxasiaTeeblia wyvetiloba, maSin geografiuli velisaTvis damaxasiaTeeblia uwyveetloba. anu sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, teritoria aris ara marto saxelmwifo teritoria, anu rogorc sazogadoebrivi, iuridiuli kategoria, is aris agreTve bunebrivi geografiuli garemo, romeSic arsebobs mocemuli adamianuri sazogadoeba. amgvarad, gopolitikaSi termin “sivrces” gaaCnia gansakuTrebuli azrobrivi datvirTva. sivrce ar aris teritoriis sinonimi. sivrce ufro farTo kategoriaa, vidre teritoriis kategoria. Tavis mxriv teritoria aris ara marto gansakuTrebuli saxis sivrce. misTvis damaxaisaTebelia ara marto specifikuri sivrculi kategoriebi, aramed sxva uamravi maxasiaTeblebi, maT Soris:
zomebi, anu saerTo moculoba;
CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken da aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken ganfeniloba;
kompaqturoba, anu erTian mTlianSi koncentrireba;
geografiuli mdebareoba msoflio rukaze, maT Soris mdinareebisa da zRvaze gasasvlelebis arseboba;
dasaxlebuloba (mosaxleobis raodenoba da simWidrove, misi ganawileba teritoriis calkeul monakveTebze);
klimaturi pirobebi, ekvatorTan an dedamiwis erT-erT polusTan, zRvebTan an sxva did wyalsacavebTan siaxlove, kontinentis siRrmeSi an kideze mdebareoba;
landSaftis Taviseburebebi;
wiaRiseulis xasiaTi da maTi damuSavebis done;
sazRvrebis xasiaTi (iuridiulad gaformebuli an faqtiurad arsebuli, bunebrivi an nebismieri, saguldagulod gamagrebuli an daucveli);
mezobeli teritoriebis xasiaTi (saxelmwifoebrivi an saerTaSoriso, mSvidobismoyvare an agresiuli politikuri reJimebiT);
arsebobis dro.
geopolitikaSi sivrcis kategorias gaaCnia Tavisi specifikuri Tvisebebi da gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba teritoriis kategoriasTan mimarTebaSi. sivrcis kategoria ufro farToa, igi Seicavs rogorc saxelmwifos teritorias, aseve mis farglebs gareT mdebare teritoriasac. amis garda, sivrce Seicavs agreTve saxelmwifoebis, rogorc saerTaSoriso politikisa da samarTlis subieqtebis sagareo kavSirebs.
mocemuli problemis siRrmiseuli Seswavla gulisxmobs sivrcis ekonomikuri da politikuri logikis rTuli, winaaRmdegobrivi urTierTobebis gacnobierebas.
ekonomika da politika warmoadgenen adamianis yofierebis Semadgenel nawilebs. ekonomika Seiswavlis sakiTxebs, romlebic dakavSirebuli arian faseulobebis SeqmnasTan, ganawilebasa da moxmarebasTan; ekonomikis kuTxiT, Seicavs Tavis TavSi warmoebis adgils (miwa, Saxtebi, fabrikebi...), saqonlis gacvlis gzebs (mimosvlis yovelgvari saSualebebi), bazrebs da sxva. Tavis mxriv, politikis intersebi koncentrirebulia adamianebs Soris urTierTobebis organizaciaze koleqtiuri struqturebis farglebSi (antikuri qalaqidan moyolebuli er-saxelmwifomde).
politikuri sivrce radikalurad gansxvavdeba ekonomikurisagan, vinaidan pirvels ar SeuZlia arseboba mudmivobisa da barierebis gareSe, maSin rodesac meore imyofeba mudmiv moZraobaSi imisda mixedviT, Tu rogor icvleba saqonlisa da momsaxurebis moTxovnileba da miwodeba.
jer kidev preistoriul periodSi mmarTvelebis Zalaufleba da siZliere gaigivebuli iyo garkveul teritoriaze kontrolTan. magaliTad, egviptis faraonebi batonobdnen nilosis velze. riT SeiZleba avxsnaT garkveul teritoriaze damkvidrebis swrafva, romelic dRemde rCeba politikis erT-erT ZiriTad faqtorad? jer kidev preistoriul periodSi soflis meurneoba, anu miwis racionaluri eqspluatacia, saSualebas iZleoda Seqmniliyo Warbi produqtebi, romlis safuZvelzec iqmnebodnen politikuri struqturebi.
imavdroulad saqonlis, oqros, fulis, momsaxurebisa da informaciis nakadebi midmivad gadaadgildebian sivrceSi, emorCilebian dinamikas, romelic ar eqvemdebareba saxelmwifos da masze maRla gdas. maSin rodesac saxelmwifo tyvea sakuTari teritoriis, saqonlisa da kapitalis moZraobis gzebi mudmivad gadaadgildebian politikuri da strategiuli koniuqturidan, da raTqma unda vaWrebis gaTvlebidan gamomdinare. marTalia politika batonobs ekonomikaze, magram es ukanaskneli mudam cdilobs Tavi daaRwios misi batonobisagan.
resursebisa da mimosvlis saSualebeze kontrolisaTvis gaCaRebuli konfliqtebisa da brZolis istoriis analizi gviCvenebs, rom politikuri brZola mWidro kavSirSi imyofeba resursebis flobisaTvis gaCaRebul brZolasTan.
_ aleqsandre makedonelidan moyolebuli XVI saukunis didi geografiul aRmoCenebamde “abreSumis gza” warmoadgenda sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis arterias evropasa da Soriul aRmosavleTs Soris, romelzec uwyvet nakadad miedineboda Zvirfasi da iSviaTi saqoneli: abreSumi, saneleblebi da sxva. III-VII saukuneebSi bizantia da sasaniduri irani gaafTrebiT ebrZodnen erTmaneTs “msoflio ekonomikuri batonobisaTvis”, anu im gzebze kontrolisaTvis, romlebiTac evropaSi ezidebodnen saqonels, pirvel rigSi abreSums, CineTidan, indoeTidan da Soreuli aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebidan. XIII saukuneSi Cingis yaenis mier daarsebuli imperia mdidrdeboda abreSumis gzaze kontrolis meSveobid, sadac monRolebi uzrunvelyofdnen qaravnebis usafrTxoebas.
XVI saukunis dasawyisidan atlantikisa da wynari okeaneebis CarTvam saerTaSoriso savaWro kavSirebis sistemaSi namdvilad msoflio masStabi SesZina Soreul aRmosavleTsa da evropas Soris saxmeleTo da sazRvao (indoeTis okeanis gavliT) gzebze kontrolis uflebisaTvis mimdinare mudmiv konfliqtebs. amerikis aRmoCenis Semdeg atlantikis okeane gaxda didi saxelmwifoebis paeqrobis sagani. atlantikis okeaneze kontrolis uflebisaTvis erTmaneTs eomebodnen espaneTi da portugalia (XVI saukune), Semdeg espaneTi, holandia, safrangeTi da inglisi (XVII saukune), mogvianebiT safrangeTi da inglisi (XVIII saukune)...(2)
XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze xdeba im koncefciebis Camoyalibeba, romlebic dafuZnebulni arian saerTaSoriso arenaze mimdinare movlenebis gamomwvevi mizezebis siRrmiseul gamovlenaze. amosaval wertils warmoadgenda omebis problemebi. erT-erT pirvel mcdelobas moeZebnaT misi axsna da gamoemuSavebinaT misi aRmofxvris saSualebebi warmoadgenda imperializmis sxvadasxva koncefciebis damuSaveba.
ingliseli ekonomisti jon gobsoni (1858-1940 ww.) iyo imperializmis, rogorc movlenis, erT-erTi pirveli mkvlevarTagani. igi “imperializmSi” gulisxmobda wamyvani kapitalisturi qveynebis sagareo eqspansiis politikas, brZolas koloniuri samflobeloebis xelSi Casagdebad da industriis “kapitnebis” sanukvari ocnebebis gamoxatulebas. “imperializmi es aris imaTi, vinc akontrolebs industrias, swrafva gaafarToon TavianTi Warbi simdidris dabandeba sagareo bazrebisa da sagareo investiciebis gziT, im saqonlisa da kapitalisaTvis, romlebsac isini ver yidian an ver iyeneben saxlSi”.(1) gobsoni aRniSnavs, rom misi Tanadrouli mrewvelobis ganviTarebis donis pirobebSi dagrovebis done da warmoebis SesaZleblobebi win uswreben moxmarebis dones sazogadoebaSi. da igi warmoadgens imperializmis politikis momxreTaTvis aTvlis wertils. maTTvis mTavar arguments warmoadgens kapitalis investirebis aucilebloba: qveynis SigniT isini ver naxuloben maTi momgebiani dabandebis SesaZleblobas da iZulebuli arian mimarTon koloniebis politikur aneqsias, rogorc Warbi kapitalis gamoyenebisaTvis saWiro sivrcis Seqmnis saSualebas. erTi sityviT “imperialistebisTvis” aseTi politika gadrdauvalia. (1)
monopolisturi kapitalizmis Tanadrouli saintereso analizi mocemuli aqvs v. lenins naSromSi “imperializmi, rogorc kapitalizmis umaRlesi stadia” (1916 w). mis Tanaxmad ekonomikuri ganviTareba arasodes ar aris erTnairi, miuxedavad imisa Tu raze vsaubrobT: sawarmoebze, ekonomikis dargezbe Tu saxelmwifoebze. ganviTarebis araTabari xasiaTi kapitalisturi sistemis farglebSi qmnis mudmivad mzard winaaRmdegobebs. koncentraciis procesi, sindikatebisa da kartelebis warmoqmna, romlebic mWidrod arian dakavSirebuli saxelmwifosTan, iwvevs warmoebis stagnacias da sazogadoebaSi parazituli fenis zrdas, amiT aixsneba mudmivi brZola gasaRebis bazrebisaTvis, koloniebisaTvis, gavlenis sferoebisaTvis. magram simdidris dagrovebasa da kontrolis sferos gafarToebas mivyavarT axali konfliqtebis aRmocenebamde kapitalistur monopoliebs Soris, romlebic awydebian Warbwarmoebis kriziss da miiswrafian xelSi Caigdon damatebiTi bazrebi. erTaderT gamosavals am situaciidan warmoadgens omi, romelic marqsizm-leninizmis Tanaxmad warmoadgens kapitalizmis bunebis ZiriTad maxasiaTebels. (4)
exla vnaxoT ramdenad Seesabamebian erTmaneTs geopolitikuri logika, ekonomikuri logika, leninis mier SemoTavazebul sqemasa da msoflio omebis “logikas”. analizi gviCvenebs Semdeg kanonzomierebas.
I msofli omis dawyebam, TiTqos da daamtkica leninis daskvnebis siswore. ukiduresobamde gamwvavda ekonomikuri dapirispireba. didi britaneTi, romlis ekonomikuri upiratesoba udavo iyo XIX saukunis bolo meoTxedamde, Seejaxa germanuli ekonomikis mZlavr metoqeobas. germanelebis gamowveva absoluturad autaneli iyo, imitom rom saqme exeboda mezobel qveyanas, romlis teritoriac didi xnis ganmavlobaSi warmoadgenda sabrZolo moqmedebebis ZiriTad arenas evropaSi. ufro metic, afrikuli koloniebis gamo momxdari Sejaxebebis (1876-1912 w.w.) Semdeg, aRmoCnda, rom msoflio ukve gadanawilebulia, maT, visac survili gauCndaT daekavebina adgili mzis qveS, daagviandaT. Cndeba logikuri kiTxva: iyo Tu ara namdvilad I msoflio omi, omi gasaRebis bazrebisaTvis? amis gasarkvevad moviyvanoT ramodenime statistikuri monacemi:
· 1914 wlisaTvis arsebobda mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri urTierTdamokidebuleba evropul saxelmwifoebs Soris. didi britaneTi iyo germanuli saqonlis umsxvilesi eqsportiori, Tavis mxriv, inglisuri ekonomikis gasaRebis bazrebSi, germanias ekava meore adgili. “samaradiso mtrebi”, safrangeTi da germania, aZlierebdnen, isedac intensiur, ekonomikur kavSirebs, rac, Tavis mxriv, ar gamoricxavda daZabulobis calkeul momentebs ormxriv urTierTobebSi, romlebic gamowveuli iyo nacionalistebis qmedebebiT (kerZod, 1911-1913 wlebis sabaJo omi). garada amisa daisaxa Rrma ganxeTqilebis tendencia saqmian wreebSi. “erTis mxriv, mTavrobebTan mWidro TanamSromlobis gamo, isini atarebden sainvesticio politikas, romelic xels uwyobda saerTaSoriso kavSirebis ganmtkicebasa da kolonialuri paeqrobis gamwvavebas. meores mxriv, isini saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi naxulobdnen sargebels da sasicocxlod iyvnen dainteresebulni misi Semdgomi ganviTarebiT” (3). rogor SeiZleba omisaken iswrafodnen isini, vinc darwmunebulia imaSi, rom omi gardauvalad gamoiwvevs saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri sistemis dangrevas da maTi piradi keTildReobis ganadgurebas?
· 1914 wlis zafxulSi ekonomikuri sakiTxebi naklebad ainteresebdaT politikosebs. movlenaTa elviseburi ganviTareba nTqavda maT mTel drosa da energias. amasTan erTad, mcire iyo imaTi ricxvi, visac miaCnda, rom omi iqneba xangrZlivi da rom igi SesZlebs daarRvios sameurneo kavSirebi da daamsxvrios Camoyalibebuli ekonomikuri wonasworoba. omi ki grZeldeboda 5 weli!
II msoflio omis dawyebas, komunisturi orientaciis mecnierebi, ukavSirebdnen kapitalizmis winaaRmdegobebis axal gamovlinebas. maTi azriT, XX saukunis 30-ani wlebis ekonomikuri krizisis Semdeg, gamwvavda urTierTobebi, depresiis tyveobaSi myof liberalur-demokratiul qveynebsa (didi britaneTi, safrangeTi) da nacistur germanias Soris.
magram ismis kiTxva: tragizmiT aRsavse 30-ian wlebSi, rodesac yvela darwmunebuli iyo imaSi, rom ibrZvis sakuTari Tavis gadasarCenad ra racionalurze, magaliTad ekonomikur interesebze SeiZleboda laparaki?
1939 wlis agvistodan 1941 wlis ivnisamde dauZinebeli mtrebi _ hitleruli germania da stalinis ssrk _ iyvnen mokavSireebi (molotov-ribentropis paqti). 1941-1945 wlebSi liberalur-demokratiuli qveynebi didi britaneTi da aSS _ arian ssrk-s mokavSireebi, im ssrk-s romlis istoriul misia mdgomareobda liberaluri kapitalizmis ganadgurebaSi! im drois ekonomikuri da politikuri logika ganuyofelia erTmaneTisagan: rodesac mimdinareobs dasabamiseuli brZola sikeTesa da borotebas Soris, ekonomika mxolod da mxolod instrumentia politikis xelSi. (2)
Catrebuli SedarebiTi analizidan TvalnaTliv Cans, rom:
· geopolitikaSi sivrcis kategorias gaaCnia Tavisi specifikuri Tvisebebi da gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba teritoriis kategoriasTan mimarTebaSi. sivrcis kategoria ufro farToa, igi Seicavs rogorc saxelmwifos teritorias, aseve mis farglebs gareT mdebare teritoriasac. amis garda, sivrce Seicavs agreTve saxelmwifoebis, rogorc saerTaSoriso politikisa da samarTlis subieqtebis sagareo kavSirebs;
· teritoria mxolod nawilia dedamiwis da warmoadgens saxelmwifos arsebobisaTvis aucilebel bunebriv garemos, saxelmwifoSi organizebuli sazogadoebis arsebobis materialur safuZvels;
· saerTaSoriso politikis sivrcul faqtorSi moiazreba politikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturul-istoriuli aspeqtebis erToblioba;

gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. John Atkinson Hobson. Imperialism (1902). (http://www.marxists.org/archive/hobson/1902/imperialism/index.htm)
2. Моро-Дефарж Ф. Введение в геополитику. М.: Конкорд. 1996.
3. James Joll, The Origines of the First World War, 1984
4. v. lenini. “imperializmi, rogorc kapitalizmis umaRlesi stadia”. 1916 w.

Summary
Otar Kochoradze
The comparative analysis of economic and political aspects of a category of “space”
In geopolitics the category of space has the specific features and meaning
The category of space is much wider, than category of territory. She includes not only territory of the state, but also external communications of the states as subjects of the international politics and right.
In the spatial factor of the international politics we mean unity of political, economic and cultural - historical aspects.

Резюме
Отар Кочорадзе
Сравнительный анализ экономических и политических аспектов категории «пространства»
В геополитике категория пространства имеет свои специфические особенности и значение.
Категория пространства гораздо шире, чем категория территории. Она включает в себя не только территорию государства, но и внешние связи государств как субьектов международной политики и права.
В пространственном факторе международной политики мы подразумеваем единство политических, экономических и культурно-исторических аспектов.