politika da politikuri interesi

oTar qoCoraZe
nikoloz beJaSvili

politika da politikuri interesi
(SedarebiTi analizi)

mecnierulad gaazrebuli politika emsaxureba qveynis ZiriTadi faseulobebis: saxelmwifos suverenitetis, usafrTxoebis, teritoriuli mTlianobis, kulturuli TviTmyofadobis SenarCuneba-ganmtkicebas da umaRles saxelmwifo organoTa gansakuTrebul gamgeblobas ganekuTvneba.
politikuri codna, upirveles yovlisa, mniSvnelovania ara TavisTavad rogorc politikuri codna, aramed rogorc saSualeba pirovnebis gacnobierebuli da aqtiuri CarTvisa sazogadoebis politikur cxovrebaSi, rasac sasicocxlo mniSvneloba adamianisa da sazogadoebisaTvis.
mowesrigebuli da koncentrirebuli politikuri codna aucilebelia saxelmwifos efeqturi marTvisaTvis, rameTu politika es aris mecniereba marTvis Sesaxeb. politika xom erTdroulad mecnierebacaa da xelovnebac da es vlindeba xelisuflebaSi, saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis marTvaSi. magram, vidre xels mokidebde am saqmes, unda daeuflo marTvis xelovnebas, gqondes profesionaluri momzadeba. xolo iyo profesionali marTvis sferoSi niSnavs: icode da SesZlo gamoiyeno politikuri codnis Teoriuli da gamoyenebiTi, aqsiolgiuri da instrumentaluri komponentebi, gacnobiero maTi roli da funqciebi politikuri gadawyvetilebebis momzadebasa da dasabuTebaSi.
politikis Cveneburi gaazrebis mizani mdgomareobs SemdegSi: CamovayaliboT erTiani warmodgena Tanamedrove politikis fenomenze da mis dinamikaze, gaviazroT Tanamedrove politikuri ganviTarebis kanonzomierebebi, faqtorebi, principebi da ganviTarebaze gacnobierebuli zemoqmedebis ZiriTadi strategiebi. am problemis mecnierulad gaazrebaSi Cven dagvexmareba istoriuli gamocdileba, radganac politikis, rogorc sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yovlismomcveli sferos, ZiriTad damaxasiaTebel niSans warmoadgens misi istoriuloba.
politikuri cnobiereba warmoudgenelia istoriuli gamocdilebis farTo gamoyenebis gareSe. nebismier politikur sistemaSi Zalauflebis mravali struqtura, Zalauflebriv urTierTobaTa dawerili da dauwereli kanonebi Camoyalibda da funqcionirebs istoriuli gamocdilebis bazaze, radganac istoriul-politikuri gamocdileba, Seadgens ra politikuri analizisa da gadawyvetilebebis miRebisaTvis empiriul safuZvels, gulisxmobs sazogadoebaSi mizez-Sedegobriv urTierTobebs. politikur SemecnebasTan mimarTebaSi ki warsulis gamocdileba politikuri Semecnebis safuZvels, kriteriumsa da mizans warmoadgens. (2)
moviyvanoT patara, magram yuradsaRebi magaliTi msoflio politikuri azris istoriidan. dasavluri civilizaciis dvritas warmoadgens samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, romlis funqcionirebis ZiriTad principebs: warmoebis saSualebebze kerZo sakuTrebas; pirovnebis individualuri Tavisuflebasa da damoukideblobas; adamianis cnobierebis ganTavisuflebas; piradi Rirsebis grZnobis, sakuTari Zalisa da SesaZleblobebisadmi rwmenis gamntkicebas; saxalxo suverenitets (xalxis uflebamosilebis uzenaesobas); saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis saqmianobaSi xalxis Caxedulebas; sazogadoebrivi azris formirebis Tavisuflebas; kanonebis samarTlianobasa da maTi Sesrulebis savaldebulobas; nebismieri saxis ganusazRvreli politikuri xelisuflebis safuZvlebis likvidaciasa da xelisuflebrivi uflebamosilebis gadanawilebasa da decentralizacias safuZvli Caeyara jer kidev inglisis burJuaziuli revoluciis periodidan da sxvadasxva qveynebis specifikidan gamomdinare axali SinaarsiT ivseba.
aRniSnul periodSi gansakuTrebuli prioriteti moipova erovnuli interesis principma (wamyvan qveynebSi warmoiSva mosazreba, rom saxelmwifos mTavari mizania erovnuli keTildReoba da usafrTxoeba). erovnuli interesis koncefciebis Camoyalibeba xdeba realizmisa da Zalis balansis racionalur kategoriebSi. aRniSnuli cvlileba dakavSirebuli iyo evropis wamyvani saxelmwifoebis socialuri struqturis cvlilebasTan: xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosuli erovnuli burJuazia cdilobs sakuTar samsaxurSi Caayenos politika.
am kuTxiT, Cveni qveynisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT yuradsaRebia amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis ,,mama damaarsebelTa” Tavisuflebisa da Tanasworobis principebze agebuli politikur koncefciebi. maT miaCndaT, rom xalxis bunebiTi ufleba aris tiranTa winaaRmdeg ajanyeba da rom xelisufleba xalxma unda Seqmnas da xalxi unda akontrolebdes xelisuflebas.
am ZiriTadi principebis gaTvaliswinebiT SemuSavda ,,amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis damoukideblobis deklaracia”, romlis ZiriTadi debulebani _ yvela adamians bunebiT aqvs miniWebuli sicocxlis, Tavisuflebis, sakuTrebis, bednierebis, usafrTxoebis ufleba; xalxi xelisuflebis wyaroa da mas ekuTvnis suvereniteti; xelisufleba xalxis mosamsaxurea; yoveli saxelmwifoebrivi xelisufleba xalxis interesebidan gamomdinare unda moqmedebdes, xolo Tu isini ugulvebelyofen am interesebs, xalxi uflebamosilia daamxos misTvis miuRebeli xelisufleba. es principebi gansakuTrebul JReradobas iZenen gardamavali stadiis mqone qveynebisaTvis. (4)
SedarebiTi analizis Sedegad miRebuli informacia saSualebas mogvcems CamovayaliboT erTiani warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, Tu sxvadasxva institucionalur, istoriul da geografiul pirobebSi adamianebi rogor reagirebdnen Tanamedroveobis ZiriTad gamowvevaze _ ganviTarebis ganusazRvrelobasa da riskebze. davanaxoT Cven Tanamemamuleebs, Tu rogor qmnidnen politikosebi da moqalaqeebi institutebsa da politikas (miznis miRwevis programebs), romlebic saSualebas iZleodnen ama Tu im zomiT zemoqmedeba moexdinaT an sulac Segnebulad ekontrolebinaT ganviTarebis procesebi.
politikuri movlenebisa da procesebis kanonzomierebis axsna, politikuri cxovrebis Sinagani tendenciebis da kanonebis gamovlena da Secnoba saSualebas mogvcems SevimuSavoT saxelisuflebo struqturebisaTvis mecnierulad dasabuTebuli is rekomindaciebi, romlebmac unda uzrunvelyos politikuri procesebis marTvis optimaluri meTodebis gansazRvra, progresuli reformebis gatareba, socialuri da eTnikuri konfliqtebis daregulireba. es ki Tavis mxriv saSualebas mogvcems SevimuSavoT da davamkvidroT erovnuli tradiciebis, cxovrebis wesis, istoriisa da kulturis Sesabamisi Rirebulebisa da idealebis sistema, romelic uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebis politikuri kulturis amaRlebas da Seqmnis demokratiuli sazogadoebis sulier wanamZRvrebs.
politikis ZiriTad kategorias miekuTvneba interesis cneba. interesebi SeiZleba iyos: klasobrivi, erovnuli, saxelmwifoebrivi. eri-saxelmwifos arsebobis pirobebSi xdeba am interesebis Tanxvedra.
rodesac Cven vsaubrobT saxelmwifoebriv interesebze maSin bevri probleba avtomaturad ixsneba, rameTu umTavresi saxelmwifoebrivi interesebi Camoyalibebulia saerTaSoriso dokumentebSi: gaero-s wesdebaSi, helsinkis TaTbiris daskvniT aqtSi da sxva. saerTaSoriso samarTlis msgavs wyaroebSi dafiqsirebulia qveynis, an qveyanaTa jgufis, politikuri damoukidebloba, maTi fizikuri gadarCenis pirobebi, sazRvrebis xelSeuxebloba, saSinao saqmeebSi gareSe Zalebis Carevis dauSvebloba da sxva.
qveynis saxelmwifoebrivi interesebis saxiT SeiZleba gamodiodes sanedleulo bazis gazrda, da mis safuZvelze qveynis ekonomikuri, samxedro, safinanso, samecniero-teqnikuri da sxva simZlavreebis gazrda; misi politkuri gavlenis gazrda, mosaxleobis keTildReobis zrda; sazogadoebis kulturuli, zneobrivi, inteleqtualuri progresi.
saxelmwifoebrivi ineresebis Sinaarsis formirebas axdenen qveynis geografiuli mdebareobis specifika, Sidapolitikuri da socialur-ekonomikuri situacia, erovnul-kulturuli da civilizaciuri Taviseburebebi, msoflio TanamegobrobaSi qveynis avtoritetis done. amasTan erTad gansakuTrebul rols TamaSoben geografiuli, bunebriv-sanedleulo da ekonomikuri faqtorebi.
politikuri interesebis mTeli kompleqsi ganxiluli unda iyos dinamikaSi. amaTgan yvelaze didi xvedriTi wona aqvT saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebiT damkicebul interesebs. samarTlianad SeiZleba CaiTvalos qveynis is inetresebi, romlebic ar arRveven sxva saxelmwifoebis interesebs. “saxelmwifoebrivi interesis” Sinaarsi obieqturia, magram mis interprirebas axdenen subieqtebi _ hegemoni saxelmwifoebi sakuTari interesebis Sesabamisad. am saxelmwifoebSi Zalis mTavar centrebs warmoadgenen mZlavri transnacionaluri korporaciebi, romelTa ZiriTadi samizneebia bunebrivi resursebi da mza produqciis gasaRebis bazrebi. gavixsenoT hans morgentaus politikuri realizmis Semdegi sabazo principebi:
saerTaSoriso urTierTobis sferoSi politikuri moRvaweobis fardobiTi xasiaTi;
nebismieri saxelmwifos sagareo politikis safuZvels warmoadgens erovnuli interesebi (Zalis kategoriiT gansazRvruli interesis koncefcia);
erovnuli interesebis dinamiuri gageba (maTi damokidebuleba istoriul periodze, politikur da kulturul konteqstze);
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis gansazRvreba, rogorc brZolisa ZalauflebisaTvis da gavlenisaTvis saerTaSoriso arenaze.(3)
ganxilul kategoriasTan mWidro kavSirSi imyofeba politikis sabazo cneba _ saxelmwifoebrivi interesebis realizaciis meqanizmi. am sakiTxis ganxilvisas dgeba kanonzomieri kiTxva: politikis, zneobisa da samarTlis ra principebi da normebi unda iyos prioritetuli am interesebis dacvis procesSi? mravalsaukunovani istoriuli gamocdileba da praqtika gviCvenebs, rom pirvel adgilze dganan pragmatuli interesebi, romlebic miiRweva yovelgvari moraluri normebisa da principebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe.
gansxvaveba mxolod erT rameSia: erTni, politikurad Zlieri saxelmwifoebi an saxelmwifoTa jgufebi cdiloben erTbaSad Caigdon xelSi yvelaferi, xolo meoreni ki _ nawil-nawil da etapobrivad. erTni iyeneben aqtiur eqspansias, meoreni _ mcocav eqspansias.


gamoyenebuli literatura:

oTar qoCoraZe. geopolitika. ESM-Tbilisi, 2007.
vaJa SubiTiZe, oTar qoCoraZe. politologia. Tbilisi, 2001
Morgenthau Hans J. Politics Among Nations. The Struggle for Power and Peace. Second Edition, Alfred A. Knopf: New York, 1955.
Антология мировой политической мысли. М., 1997.

Summary
Otar Kochoradze
Nikoloz Bejashvili

Politics and national interest
(The comparative analysis)

Scientifically intelligent politics serves to essential values of the country: state sovereignty, national safety, integrity, preservation and strengthening of cultural originality. This type of politics serves to the supreme bodies of state management. Essence of our approach to judgement of politics is the following: to develop uniform of a phenomenon in modern politics and its dynamics; to comprehend laws, factors and principles of political development. For scientific judgement of this problem we will be supported by historical experience, as the basic characteristic feature of politics is its history. The basic category of politics is the political interest – main reason, one of primary factors both stimulus of activity and behaviour of the subjects of politics. It is impiortant to be able to distinguish original interests of the subjects of politics behind any political actions.

Резюме
Отар Кочорадзе
Николай Бежашвили

Политика и политический интерес
(Сравнительный анализ)

Научно осмысленная политика служит основнным ценностям страны: государственный суверенитет, национальная безопасность, териториальная целостность, сохранение и усиление культурной самобытности и относитсья высшим органам государственного управления. Суть нашего подхода к осмыслению политики в следующем: выработать единое виденье феномена современной политики и ее динамики; осмыслить закономерности, факторы и принцыпы соврененного политического развития. Для научного осмысления этой проблемы нам поможет исторический опыт, так как основной характерной чертой политики является ее историчность. Основной категорией политики является политический интерес – первопричина, один из главных факторов и стимулов деятельности и поведения субъектов политики. Весьма важно за любыми политическими действиями уметь распознавать подлинные интересы субъектов политики.