menejmentis istoriidan

oTar qoCoraZe
ivane beJaSvili

menejmentis istoriidan


politikuri azrovnebis dasawyisi kacobriobis pirvel civilizaciaTa warmoSobas ukavSirdeba. sazogadoebrivi evoluciis kvalobaze Tavdapirveli politikuri warmodgenebi sul ufro ixveweboda da moZRvrebiT xasiaTs iZenda. es procesi mkveTrad ukavSirdeba calkeuli eris im socialur-ekonomikur, fsiqologiur da saerTo kulturul Taviseburebebs, romelSic igi yalibdeboda da viTardeboda. amiTaa ganpirobebuli msoflio politikuri kulturis mravalferovneba, magram es saganZuri mravalsafexurianicaa. amitom misi mecnieruli Semecneba SesaZlebelia mxolod ganviTarebis yvela etapis Tanmimdevruli SeswavliT.
Cveni sakvlevi Temis Teoriuli da praqtikuli aspeqtebis gagebisTvis aucilebelia gavarkvioT misi analizis kulturuli CarCoebi. menejmenti ar warmoadgens Caketil moRvaweobas, vinaidan menejeri marTavs Tavis organizacias da iRebs gadawyvetilebebs garkveuli kulturuli faseulobebisa da institutebis nakrebis zemoqmedebiT. menejments aqvs Ria sistemis xasiaTi, romelSic menejeri zemoqmedebs Tavis garemocvaze da, Tavis mxriv, xvdeba am garemocvis zemoqmedebis qveS. mmarTvelobiTi azri ar viTardeba kulturul vakuumSi, menejeris saqmianobaze yovelTvis moqmedebs arsebuli kultura.
literaturaSi kulturas xSirad yofen rogorc aRmosavlur da dasavlurs. aRmosavluri da dasavluri kulturebis Sepirispireba aCvenebs mniSvnelovan gansxvavebas bevr sabazo maxasiaTeblebSi. Tavisi arsiT aRmosavluri kultura warmoadgens sinTetikurs, Seqmnils gansxvavebuli religiuri da filosofiuri sistemebis Tanaarsebobis safuZvelze, da asaxaven samyaroze gansxvavebul Sexedulebebs. (ix. cxrili 1).
cxrili 1.
dasavluri kultura
analitikuri
individualisturi
konkurentuli
winaaRmdegobrivi
zusti
usaxuri
sazogadoebrivad moazrovne
upiratesoba eniWeba kontraqts
pativs scems adamianis kerZo samyaros
absoluturi
inteleqtualuri
argumentirebuli
egocentristuli
logikuri


aRmosavluri kultura
sinTetikuri
koleqtivisturi
korporaciuli
arawinaaRmdegobrivi
ganusazRvreli
piraduli
fraqcionulad moazrovne
upiratesoba eniWeba aranaTel SeTanxmebas
iWreba adamianis kerZo samyaroSi

reliatiuri
emocionaluri
harmoniuli
konformistuli
ara logikuri


kultura – es aris adamianisa da sazogadoebis SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis erToblioba da Sedegi, xorcSesxmuli materialur da sulier RirebulebebSi.
kulturis definicia TavisTavad gansazRvravs analizis sferos, magram ar iZleva yoveli konkretuli kulturis analizis meTodebs. amisTvis aucilebelia im arsebiTi niSnebis gamoyofa, romlebic dakavSirebulni arian adamianis organizaciul qcevasTan.
adamianuri qceva warmoadgens warsulisa da Tanamedrove kulturuli Zalebis produqts, xolo mecnierebis iseTi sfero, rogoricaa menejmenti warmoadgens warsulisa da awmyos ekonomikuri, socialuri da politikuri Zalebis Sedegs. vinaidan kulturis swored es sferoebi uSualo gamoyenebiT mimarTebaSi arian menejmentTan.
I. – kulturis ekonomikur aspeqts warmoadgens adamianis damokidebulebas resursebisadmi. resursebi SeiZleba iyos bunebrivi an TviT adamianis mier warmoebuli. es termini aRniSnavs rogorc xelSesaxeb, agreTve im xelSeuxebel Zalisxmevebs, romelTa gamoyenebacSemTxvevaSi garkveul Sedegs iZleva.
fizikuri resursebi Tavis TavSi Seicavs miwas, Senobebs, nedleuls, Sualedur produqtebs, instrumentebsa da mowyobilobebs, agreTve im xelSesaxeb obieqtebs, romlebsac iyeneben adamianebi da organizaciebi. resursebs miekuTvnebian agreTve adamianuri azrebi da Zalisxmeva, imitom rom isini gegmaven, agroveben, formas aZleven da qmnian im sxva saxeebs, romlTa Sedegs warmoadgens produqciis an momsaxureobis waemoeba.
nebismier sazogadoebaSi arsebobs erTi mxriv, SezRuduli resursebisa da, meore mxriv, ekonomikuri miznebis simravlis problema. istoriam Semogvinaxa, produqtebisa da momsaxurebis warmoebisa da ganawilebisaTvis saWiro, deficituri resursebis mobilizebis mravali forma. ZiriTadad aris sami meTodi: tradiciuli, sakomando da sabazro.
tradiciuli meTodi – operirebs warsulis sazogadoebrivi principebiT, rodesac teqnologiebi ZiriTadad statikuria, dakavebuli Tanamdebobebi memkvidreobiT gadaecema Taobidan Taobas, soflis meurneoba dominirebs mrwvelobaze, xolo socialuri da ekonomikuri sistemebi praqtikulad ucvlelad rCebian.
sakomando meTodi warmoadgens romelime centraluri organos an organizaciis nebis Tavze moxvevas imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor unda gaanawilon da gamoiyenon resursebi. ekonomikuri mTavarsardali am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iyos monarqi, diqtatori an koleqtivisturi centraluri dagegmarebis organizacia. am SemTxvevaSi gadawyvetilebebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra unda ewarmoebinaT, rogori unda yofiliyo fasebi da xelfasi, rogor unda ganawilebuliyo saqoneli da momsaxureoba, miiReboda centralizebuli wesiT.
sabazro meTodi – eyrdnoba resursebis ganawileba Zalisa da gadawyvetilebebis usaxo qsels. fasebi, xelfasebi da saprocento ganakveTebi dgindeba vaWrobis procesSi, maT Soris visac aqvs produqtebi da momsaxureba da imaT Soris, visac maTSi aqvs saWiroeba. amgvarad yvela resursi poulobs saukeTeso gamoyenebas da aRar arsebobs saWiroeba raime centraluri organos CarevisaTvis.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi adgili aqvs tradiciuli, skomando da sabazro sistemebis Sereul elementebs.
· gansxvavebul funqciebs asrulebs menejeri am sistemebSi: tradiciulad – orientirebul ekonomikaSi – menejeris roli Sezrudulia winamdebare miTiTebebiT, principebiT;
· sakomando orientaciis ekonomikaSi – menejeri warmoadgens zemoT miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis ubralo Semsrulebelze;
· sabazro orientaciis ekonomikaSi – menejers eZleva saSualeba novatorulad gamoiyenos resursebi mravali miznis misaRwevad.
II. – socialuri aspeqti Cadebulia adamianebis urTierTobebSi arsebuli kulturuli garemos farglebSi. adamiani ar cxovrobs martoobaSi, igi upiratesobas naxulobs adamianur gaerTianebebSi, raTa gadarCes an miaRwios sakuTar miznebs. jgufebis formirebaSi sawyis mizans warmoadgens gansxvavebuli moTxovnilebebis, SesaZleblobebisa da Rirebulebebis mravali adamianis gaerTianebebis warmoqmna. am mravalgvarovnebis gareT nebismieri erTgvarovneba unda ganviTardes, an jgufi ar iqneba sicocxlisunariani. amgvarad monawileebi qmnian Tavisebur kontraqts, romliTac gansazRvrulia zogierTi zogadi wesi da saSualebas iZleva SeTanxmdnen imis Taobaze Tu rogor unda moiqcnen jgufis SesanarCuneblad. dauwereli, magram miuxedavad amisa, savaldebulo kontraqti gansazRvravda sxva adamianebis SesaZlo qcevas da SesaZlebels gaxdida yoveli individis SesaZlo reaqciis Sefasebas. masSi SeiZleba yofiliyo zogierTi SeTanxmeba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ufro kargad rogor unda awarmoon da SeaTanxmon TavianTi moqmedebebi dasaxuli amocanis Sesasruleblad, iqneba es ekonomikuri produqtis Seqmna, Tu socialuri Tanamegobrobis dakmayofilebis miRweva.
Rirebulebebi, anu qcevis mocemuli tipis Sesabamisobis gansazRvris kulturuli standartebi, warmoadgenen socialuri urTierTmoqmedebis sxva nawils. Rirebulebebi icvlebian drois cvalebadobasTan da kulturis SecvlasTan erTad. menejeris moqmedebaze gavlenas axdenen urTierTobebi pirovnebasa da jgufs Soris, agreTve kulturis mocemul tipSi wamyvani socialuri Rirebulebebi.
III. – kulturis politikuri aspeqti SeiZleba ganxiluli iyos adamianisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobebis kuTxiT: igi Tavis TavSi Seicavs socialuri wesrigis damyarebis, sicocxlisa da sakuTrebis dacvis politikur RonisZiebebs. saxelmwifosa da wesrigis ar arsebobas anarqias uwodeben: miuxedavad imisa, rom am SemTxvevaSi arsebobs raRac SesaZlebloba ugono adamianisagan gonieri adamianis dasacavad, saboloo Sedegi mainc iqneba sruli ekonomikuri, socialuri da politikuri qaosi.
sadac iwyeba wesrigi, iq dasrulda anarqia. wesrigisa da stabilurobis uzrunvelsayofad politikurma institutebma SeiZleba miiRon sxvadasxva formebi, dawyebuli tipiuri saxelmwifoTi da monarqiiT an diqtaturiT damTavrebuli. politikuri Sexedulebebi adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb icvleba erTidan meore ukiduresobamde: adamiani rogorc TviTmarTvadi sistema – rodesac erTi adamiani an mmarTveli organo TavianT nebas Tavs axveven danarCenebs da miaCniaT, rom adamians ar SuZlia, an ar surs marTos Tavisi Tavi.
iseTi cnebebi, rogoricaa sakuTreba, kontraqtebi da marTlmajuleba warmoadgenen sakvanZo cnebebs kulturis politikuri aspeqtis ganxilvisas. demokratiis pirobebSi adamians aqvs kerZo sakuTrebis, saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebSi Sesvla ar Sesvlis da marTlmsajulebaSi saapelacio sistemis ufleba.
diqtaturis an monarqiis pirobebSi kerZo sakuTrebis flobisa da gamoyenebis ufleba mkacrad aris SezRuduli, saxelSekrulebo ufleba limitirebulia, xolo marTlmsajulebis sistema damokidebulia xelisuflebis mflobelTa kaprizebze.
menejmentis kulturuli roli imyofeba Semdegi faqtorebis gavlenis qveS: mmarTvelobis forma, sakuTrebis floba ar flobis SesaZlebloba, saqonlis warmoebisa da gavrcelebis mizniT sakontraqto urTierTobebSi Sesvlis SesaZlebloba, saCivrebis gadawyvetis saapelacio meqanizmi.
ekonomikuri, socialuri da politikuri aspeqtebi analizis sasargeblo saSualebebs warmoadgens mmarTvelobiTi azris ganviTarebis kvlevis dros. menejeri misi garemomcveli kulturuli garemos zemoqmedebis qveS imyofeba, xolo resursebis ganawilebisa da gamoyenebis gzebi evolucias ganicdis ekonomikuri, socialuri da politikuri institutebisa da Rirebulebebis Sesaxeb warmodgenebis cvlilebasTan erTad.
sityva `menejmenti” Tavis safuZvelSi Seicavs laTinur Zirs `manus”-s xels, rac Tanxmovania qarTuli `xelmZRvanelobis”. JReradobis mixedviT masTan axlos dgas agreTve sityva `marTva” anu viRacis qcevis warmarTva.
Tanamedrove interpretaciiT menejmenti aris mecnierebis, xelovnebisa da praqtikis sfero, romelic ganekuTvneba organizebuli formebiT moqmed sxvadasxva koleqtivebSi adamianebis marTvas.
menejmenti rogorc moRvaweoba – aris zemoqmedebis, mowesrigebisa da organizebulobis xerxebi da procesebi. es procesebi SeiZleba Seicavdnen moRvaweobas mimarTuls adamianebsa da maTi koleqtivebis fsiqologiuri miTiTebebis Camoyalibebaze, maT damokidebulobaze sakuTari moRvaweobisadmi, xelmZRvanelobis mmarTvelobiTi moRvaweobisadmi da sxva.
menejmenti – aris konkretuli miznebis realizaciisaTvis saWiro yvelaze gamosadegi formebisa da procedurebis organizaciis arCeva.
menejmenti ganuyofladaa dakavSirebuli menejmentis subieqtis mier, marTvis procesSi, im kerZo da ufro zogadi gadawyvetilebebis miRebasTan, romlebiTac is xelmZRvanelobs marTvelobiTi moRvaweobis ganxorcielebas, marTvis yaidasTan da stilTan.
menejmenti saSualebas iZleva gadawyvetili iqnas mTeli rigi konkretuli problemebi:
ganisazRvros marTvis miznebi da amocanebi;
daiyos amocanebi konkretuli saxis operaciebisaTvis;
sxvadasxva qvedanayofebis urTierTqmedebis koordinireba;
ierarqiuli struqturis srulyofa;
gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesis optimizacia;
xelmZRvanelobisa da moRvaweobis motivaciis efeqturi stilis Zieba.
marTva, rogorc adamianuri moRvaweobis gansakuTrebuli saxe warmoiqmna pirveli xelovnuri erTobebis (monadireTa jgufi, samezoblo Temi, saxelmwifo) gaCenisTanave.
pirveli saxelmwifoebis Seqmnis procesSi gaCnda profesionali marTvis specialistebis pirveli fena – socialuri menejerebi. faqtiurad Cven SegviZlia pirvel mmarTvelebs vuwodoT menejerebi, vinaidan maTi organizaciuli moRvaweoba mimarTuli iyo socialur organizaciebze, romlebic imavdroulad warmoadgendnen sameurneo organizaciebsac. saxelmwifoebriobis Camoyalibebam gamoiwvia mmarTvelobiTi praqtikis mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi. saxelmwifoebi warmoadgendnen rTul organizaciebs, ramac gamoiwvia mmarTvelobiTi praqtikis ganviTareba.

Sromis sazogadoebrivi danawileba
problemis tradiciuli xedva
I – Sromis pirveladi danawileba xorcieldeboda sqesisa da asakis mixedviT. igi dakavSirebuli iyo fiziologiur sxvaobebTan da unarTan SeesrulebinaT sxvadasxva saxis samuSaoebi. mamakacebi dakavebulni iyvnen fizikurad mZime samuSaoebze, qalebi da mozardebi ki SedarebiT ufro msubuqi saqmiT. amasTan, mozardebi asrulebdnen im saxis saqmianobas, romlebic moiTxoven nakleb codnas da gamocdilebas, xolo qalebi asrulebdnen keriis SenarCunebis movaleobas da uvlidnen mcirewlovan bavSvebs.Aamgvarad, Sromis pirvel sazogadoebriv danawilebas Cven SeiZleba uwodoT fiziologiuri.
II – Sromis meore sazogadoebrivi danawileba ukavSirdeba miwaTmoqmedebis gamoyofas mesaqonleobisagan an piriqiT. Sromis es specializacia mniSvnelovanwilad ganisazRvreboda gegrafiuli faqtorebiT da igi Cven SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT rogorc dargobrivi, Sidaagraruli.
III – Sromis mesame sazogadoebrivi danawileba dakavSirebulia xelosnobis miwaTmoqmedebisagan gamoyofasTan. liTonisagan damzadebuli Sromis iaraRebis gaCenis Semdeg sul ufro da ufro rTuli xdeba maTi Seqmna; maTi warmoebis procesi moiTxovs gansakuTrebul liTonebs, teqnologiebs da saqmis codnas. Sromis am danawilebas Cven SegviZlia uwodoT samrewvelo an ubralod sawarmoo. Tavisi arsiT mTeli agraruli warmoeba aris mxolod bunebis aRwarmoeba da mxolod xelosnobis gamoyofis Semdeg adamiani qmnis calke dargs, romelSic igi qmnis, awarmoebs imas, rac ar arsebobs bunebaSi.
IV – Sromis meoTxe sazogadoebriv danawilebad iTvleba vaWrobis gamoyofa. Sromis es sazogadoebrivi danawileba dakavSirebulia ara uSualod warmoebasTan, aramed mis garSemo moZraobasTan.
V – da bolos, yuradReba unda mivaqcioT gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mqone kidev erT Sromis sazogadoebriv danawilebas _ gansakuTrebulad faseuli jgufis an fenis gamoyofas.
Cven welTaRricxvamde IV aTaswleulis dasasrulisTvis egviptesa da SumerSi ukve iReben sagrZnoblad did mosavals. es ki niSnavs, rom TiToeuli adamianis Sroma awarmoebs ufro mets, vidre saWiroa TviT misi gamokvebisaTvis. Tems ukve SeuZlia, Sromisunarianebis garda, gamokvebos ara marto Sromisuunaroni, aramed mas ukve SeuZlia Seqmnas sakmarisi sursaT-sanovagis rezervi, raTa Tavisi Sromisunariani adamianebis nawili gamoanTavisuflos sasoflo sameurneo Sromisgan.
bunebrivia, rom zedmeti produqtis gaCenis momentisTvis misi odenoba ar iyos sakmarisi imisTvis, raTa Warbi raodenoba gadanawilebuliyo yvelaze. amavdroulad teritoriul TemSi yvelas ar hqonda erTnairi SesaZlebloba uzrunveleyo Tavisi Tavi sxvebis xarjze. yvelaze xelsayrel mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen erTis mxriv samxedro beladi da masTan daaxloebuli pirebi (garemocva), meores mxriv _ mTavari qurumi. zog SemTxvevaSi beladi da qurumi SeiZleba yofiliyo erTi da igive pirovneba. klasobrivi sazogadoebis warmoqmna eqvemdebareba mkacr logikur kanonebs. sawarmoo Zalebisa da sazogadoebis kulturul – ideologiuri zrdis saukeTeso da mniSvnelovani ganviTarebisTvis aucilebelia im pirebis arseboba, romlebic ganTavisuflebulni arian mwarmoebluri Sromisgan. es ar niSnavs, rom sazogadoeba Segnebulad aTavisuflebs mwarmoebluri Sromisgan swored saukeTeso organizatorebs, yvelaze Rrmad moazrovneebs, yvelaze SesaniSnav xelovanebs – aramc da aramc. Warb produqts, romelsac moaqvs mwarmoebluri Sromisagan ganTavisufleba, xelSi igdeben ara isini, visac SeuZliaT misi yvelaze racionaluri gamoyeneba, aramed isini, visac SeuZliaT. isini, vis xelSic imyofeba fizikuri, SeiaraRebuli an ideologiuri Zala Tavis Tavze iReben saorganizacio amocanebsac. maTi umravlesoba, sazogadoebisTvis usargeblod, axdens sxvisi Sromis eqspluatirebas, magram maTSi raRac garkveul procents Seadgenen adamianebi, romlebic namdvilad xels uwyoben sazogadoebis teqnikur da kulturul progress.

problemis mmarTvelobiTi xedva
pirveli adamianebi, romlebic sazogadoebam gaanTavisufla uSualo mwarmoebluri Sromisgan iyvnen:
beladebi (mxedarmTavrebi omis dros da Temis warmomadgenlebi, samyaros Seucnobeli Zalebis – RmerTebis winaSe).
qurumebi (Temis warmomadgenlebi RmerTebTan, magiuri qmedebiT uzrunvelyofdnen sulebis mfarvelobas umniSvnelovanes saqmeebSi; morwyvis, anu materialuri keTildReobis safuZvlis, organizatorebi).
amgvarad, pirveli, moRvaweobis yvelaze mniSvnelovani saxeebi, romlebic ganTavisufldnen mwarmoebluri Sromisgan, iyvnen organizatorebi, mmarTvelebi, socialuri menejerebi, romlebsac im Soreul droSi uwodebdnen qurumebs da beladebs, Semdeg – mefeebsa da faraonebs da bolos dRes saxelmwifos prezidentebs, parlamentis palatebis spikerebs, kompaniebis prezidentebs da menejerebs.
Cvens mier warmodgenili `menejmentis istoriis” kursis msvlelobaSi Tqven araerTxel darwmundebiT Tu raoden mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs sazogadoebis istoriaSi mmarTvelobas da menejments. Tqven darwmundebiT piter drukeris sityvebis marTebulebaSi. piter driukeris, msoflioSi aRiarebuli avtoriteti mmarTvelobiTi konsultirebis sferoSi, azriT menejmenti – es aris moRvaweobis gansakuTrebuli saxe, romelic araprognozirebul brbos gardaqmnis efeqtur, mizanmimarTul da mwarmoeblur jgufad.
Cveni kursi daviwyoT mesopotamiuri civilizaciis ganxilviT. vnaxoT Tu rogor icvleboda menejmentis masStabebi da sirTule saxelmwifoSi. qvemo mesopotamiis anu Sumeruli civilizaciis Seswavla imiTacaa mniSvnelovani, rom swored aq moxda pirvelad kacobriobis istoriaSi profesionaluri menejmentis meqanizmis Camoyalibeba.
Cven welTaRricxvamde III aTaswleulSi Sumeris ekonomikuri aRmavloba ganpirobebuli iyo samiwaTmoqmedo meurneobis ganviTarebiT irigaciisa da liTonis ufro farTo gamoyenebis bazaze. iqmneba farTo sarwyavi qseli qveynis mTeli samxreT nawilis maStabiT. am periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia xelosnobis maRali done. pirvel adgilze metalurgiuli warmoebaa. Sumeri ostatebi daeuflen dnobis da rCilvis meTodebs. spilenZisagan amzadeben Sromisa da sabrZolo iaraRs. iswavles brinjaos miRebac. mimdinareobs vaWrobis gamoyofa xelosnobisagan. Tems gamoeyvnen specialuri movaWreebi, romlebic dasaqmebulni arian saqonlisa da produqtebis gacvliT. viTardeba vaWroba siriasTan, amierkavkasiasTan, iranTan, sparseTis yuris sanapirosTan, xelosnoba da vaWroba Tavs iyris qalaqebis centrSi, izrdeba qalaqebis farTobi, matebas ganicdis maTi mosaxleobis raodenobac.
Sumeris meurneoba daiyo or seqtorad:
didi saojaxo saTemo meurneoba da msxvili meurneobebi, romlebsac flobdnen taZrebi da saxelmwifos Tanamdebobis pirTa zeda fena.
es meurneobebi werilobiTi istoriis pirvel aswleulebSi TandaTanobiT gamovidnen TviTmarTvelobis Temuri organoebis kompetenciis sferodan.
sataZro meurneobebi iqmnebodnen miwebze, romlebic Tavdapirvelad gamoiyofodnen RmerTebis kultis momsaxureobisaTvis da ara piradad qurumebisaTvis. samelioracio – irigaciuli samuSaoebis organizacia evalebodaT qurumebs da es logikuria: qurumebis amocanas warmoadgenda sakulto qmedebebisa da RvTaebaTa damwyalobebis gziT Temis keTildReobis uzrunvelyofa. im dros arsebuli tradiciis Tanaxmad sakulto da teqnikuri qmedebebi, yvelaze didi mniSvnelobis socialuri qmedebebi evalebodaT im periodis pativcemul da brZen adamianebs. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom Zveli egviptisa da Sumeris saxviT ZeglebSi mefeebis winamorbedi beladi, qurumi arcTu iSviaTad samiwaTmoqmedo wesCveulebebis aRsrulebis momentSia aRbeWdili.
taZrebis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba TemisTvis ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom maT meurneobaSi Seqmnili produqti Tavdapirvelad warmoadgenda sazogadoebriv sadazRvevo fonds, xolo satZro msxverplTSewirvaSi monawileoba qmnida mosaxleobis xorceuliT kvebis TiTqmis erTaderT SesaZleblobas, amasTan erTad sataZro miwebis did masivSi ufro advili iyo mowinave saoflo sameurneo teqnikis gamoyeneba da aqve iqmneboda zedmeti produqtis ZiriTadi masa.
daaxloebiT Cven welTaRricxvemde 3000 – 2900 ww. sataZro meurneoba imdenad rTuli da vrceli xdeba, rom saWiro gaxda misi sameurneo saqmianobis aRricxva, anu gaCnda imis Sesrulebis aucilebloba rasac dRes kontrolisa da aRricxvis mmarTvelobiTi funqcia ewodeba. amasTan dakavSirebiT taZrebSi Cndeba damwerloba. damwerlobis gaCena mesopotamiaSi gamowveuli iyo meurneobis marTvis moTxovnilebebiT da didi da rTuli meurneobis Seqmnis SedegebiT.
Cven welTaRricxvamde III aTaswleulSi evfratis qvemo dinebasTan Camoyalibebuli sazogadoeba wodebebad iyo dayofili. umaRles wodebas ekuTvnodnen Tavisufali Temebis wevrebi, romlebic monawileobdnen miwaze saTemo sakuTrebaSi da gaaCndaT Temuri TviTmarTvelobis ufleba, Tavdapirvelad maT hqondaT agreTve beladis – mmarTvelis arCevis ufleba. ufro dabal fenas miekuTvnebodnen sataZro da mmarTvelis meurneobis personalis wevrebi, isini miwas flobdnen pirobiT: emsaxuraT da emuSavaT, an saerTod ar flobdnen miwas da iRebdnen mxolod ulufas. amis garda iyvnen monebi, romlebsac saqoneliviT eqceodnen – uufleboTa fena.
sazogadoebis wodebrivi dayofa asaxavda Temebisadmi, rogorc socialuri – sameurneo organizaciebisadmi adamianebis damokidebulebas. misi mmarTvelobiTi azri mdgomareobs SemdegSi: praqtikulad avtomaturi, minimaluri specialuri mmarTvelobiTi qmedebebi rogorc wodebebs Soris, aseve maTi Sida urTierTobebis daregulirebisaTvis. amgvarad sazogadoebis wodebrivi dayofa amartivebda mis marTvas.
Cvens xelT arsebuli wyaroebis analizi saSualebas gvaZlevs vTqvaT, umetesi struqturuli da teqnologiuri cvlilebebi xvdeboda saxelmwifo seqtorSi, gansakuTrebiT ki mis mTavar SemadgenelSi - sataZro meurneobaSi. saxelmwifo ise Zlier iyo dainteresebuli sakuTari bazis gafarToebiT, rom midioda meTemeebisagan miwis Sesyidvaze, Tumca es dakavSirebuli iyo garkveul finansur saxsrebTan da organizaciul saqmianobasTan. saqme imaSia, rom saTemo fondidan miwis SesaZenad saWiro iyo aramarto maTi sameurneo mflobelobis Tanxmoba, aramed maTi uaxloesi garemocvisTvis. magaliTad, calke aRebuli Cveulebrivi ojaxis miwis samflobelos gayidva xdeboda mxolod mTeli didi saojaxo Temis nebarTviT, gamyidveli iRebda Tanxas, xolo misi naTesvebi – sxadasxvanair zedmet Tanxmebs, pirad sakuTrebaSi. mTeli did ojaxiani Temis miwis gayidva xdeboda mxolod yvela monaTesave did ojaxiani Temebis nebarTviT, romelTa patriarqebs yavdaT mamrobiTi xazis saerTo winapari, amasTan Tanxas iRebda miwis gamyidveli Temis patriarqi, xolo sxvadasxvanair zedmet Tanxebs, danarCeni naTesavebi dainteresebuli saxlebidan. da bolos, Tu erTdroulad ramodenime saxlis miwa iyideboda, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki maTi mamakacebi ekuTvnodnen erTze met gvars, saWiro xdeboda teritoriuli Temis an mTeli tomis saxalxo krebis Tanxmoba. nadims saxalxo krebisaTvis awyobda myidveli – mmarTveli.
saxelmwifo seqtori ivseboda saTemo miwebis gamosyidvis xarjze, rac iwvevda Temisgan mmarTvelebis ufro met damoukideblobas, mmarTvelobiTi personalis raodenobriv zrdas da Sromis nayofierebis zrdas. maTSi aRiniSneboda Sromis ufro meti specializacia, daqiravebuli muSakebis raodenobis zrda da Sromis ufro maRali nayofiereba. yovelive es iyo Sedegi im efeqturi mmarTvelobis, romelsac axorcielebdnen im dros yvelaze kvalificiuri menejerebi – taZrebis msaxurebi.
erovnuli meurneobis marTvis sistemaSi cvlilebebis Setanis CvenTvis cnobili erTerT saintereso mcdelobas warmoadgenda Zveli welTaRricxvis XXII saukunis meore naxevarSi gudeas mmarTveloba lagasSi. mTeli qveyana dayofili iyo olqebad, romlebic SeiZleba damTxveoda adre arsebul nomebs, SeiZleba ara. adre maT saTaveSi ensebi edgnen, magram exla maT marTaven ubralo Cinovnikebi, romlebsac samefo administraciis nebasurvilis mixedviT gadaisrodnen erTi adgilidan meoreze. mxolod zogierT sasazRvro raionSi iyo SenarCunebuli tradiciuli xelisufeba.
gudeam centralizebuli gaxada ara marto miwaTmoqmedeba, aramed mecxoveleobac, saqonels ZiriTadad aSenebdnen RmerTebisaTvis msxverplad Sesawirad, nawlobriv ki tyavisa da sapnis warmoebisaTvis. taZrebis zvarakiT momarageba moicavda yvela olqs: yoveli olqi valdebuli iyo rig-rigobiT garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi moemaragebina taZrebi, rac Tavisebur gadasaxads warmoadgenda. erTiani samefo meurneobis organizaciam, mTeli qveynis maStabiT, moiTxova administraciuli personalis uzarmazari raodenoba: zedamxedvelebi, mwerlebi, razmis meTaurebi, saxelosnoebis ufrosebi, mmarTvelebi, agreTve mravali kvalificiuri xelosani.
unda vigulisxmoT, rom gudeam ipova yofili saTemo miwebis efeqturi gamoyenebis xerxi: saxelmwifo seqtoris meoxebiT man isini gadaanawila wvril mwarmoeblebs Soris, romlebic meTemeebTan SedarebiT socialurad da teqnologiurad ufro ganaTlebulni da moZravni iyvnen, xolo rac Seexeba didi saxelmwifo meurneobis ekonomikuri efeqturobis sakmaod sakamaTo sakiTxs aq SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom maTi aucilebloba nakarnaxevi iyo politikuri moTxovnilebiT.
Tu Cven movaxdenT gudeas reformebis analizs erovnuli meurneobis, rogorc organizaciis marTvis Teoriis kuTxiT, agreTve sazogadoebis organizaciis poziciidan, SeiZleba avRniSnoT rogorc Teoriuli, ise praqtikuli mniSvnelobis mqone mTeli rigi mignebebi da inovaciebi. upirveles yovlisa unda avRniSnoT, rom mis moRvaweobaSi mkveTrad SeimCneva saerTo miznis prioriteti meurneobisa da sazogadoebis Semadgeneli elementebis miznebze. es TvalnaTliv Cans:
centraluri saxelosnoebis organizacia, romlebic Tavis produqciiT uzrunvelyofdnen saxelmwifo struqturebas, taZrebs da TviT muSakebs.
tradiciuli administraciuli struqturebis Secvla taZrebisTvis zvarakis rig-rigobiT miwodebaSi;
saxelmwifo meurneobaSi aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, meTemeebisa da samefo meurneobis muSakebis mizidva.
dabolos, unda aRiniSnos kidev erTi garemoeba: biurokratiuli xelisufleba gavrcelda meTemeebzec. es ki niSnavs, rom guduam praqtikurad daasrula saxelmwifos Seqmna, rameTu xelisuflebas dauqvemdebara Tavisi saxelmwifo gaerTianebis yvela mkvidri macxovrebeli.
krizisidan gamosvlis saukeTeso saSualebis demonstrireba moaxdina mesopotamiurma civilizaciam Zveli welTRricxvis XX – XVII saukuneebSi, rodesac xangrZlivi omebis Sedegad dacemis gzaze dadga mesopotamiuri civilizaciis safuZveli – irigaciuli sistema. sairigacio sistemis moSla mtkivneulad aisaxa rogorc saxelmwifo, ise kerZo meurneobaze, Tumca es ukanasknelni TavianTi primitiuli organizaciis gamo ufro iolad axerxebdnen aRorZinebas.
aqedan gamomdinare, saxelmwifo meurneobis aRdgenis SesaZlebloba misca iniciativian mewarmeebs, romlebic mzad iyvnen TavianTi energia CaedoT mcire sawarmoebsa da meurneobaSi. saxelmwifo miwebis, saxelosnoebisa da savaWro sawarmoebis mniSvnelovani nawili gadavida kerZo pirebis xelSi, TviT qurumTa Tanamdebobis ganawilebac ki, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis funqciidan gadaiqca vaWrobis, kerZo garigebebisa da anderZebis sagnad. savaraudoa, rom gadasaxlebis bevri saxeoba gadaecaT kerZo pirebs. yvela am RonisZiebam mravalmxrivi zemoqmedeba moaxdina erovnuli meurneobis procesebsa da meqanizmebze. mCqefare sameurneo cxovreba, mzardi usafrTxoeba erTian centralizebul saxelmwifoebSi izidavda uamrav axalmosaxleebs uaxloesi garemomcveli samyarodan, es ki Tavis mxriv uzrunvelyofda SemoqmedebiTi energiis materialuri saSualebisa da iafi muSaxelis mozidvas. da rogorc Sedegi, ganxilul periodSi SeiniSneba saTesi farTobebis (yamiri da nasveni miwebis) gafarToeba, meurneobis iseTi intensiuri dargis ganviTareba, rogoricaa mebaReoba (finikis palmebis moSeneba), marcvlovani da zeTovani kulturebis ufro maRali mosavlis miReba.
mniSvnelovanwilad yovelive es miRweuli iyo mTeli qveynis masStabiT sairigacio qselis gafarToebis gziT. specialuri Cinovnikebi valdebulni iyvnen mkacrad edevnebinaT Tvalyuri didi da mcire arxebis mdgomareobisaTvis. Tavisi moRvaweobis yvelaze mniSvnelovan Sedegad babilonis mefes miaCnda grandiozuli arxis (hamurabis mdinare) gayvana. didi masStabiT viTardeboda mecxoveleobac, iyo msxvilfexa da wvrilfexa cxovelTa jogebi. maT mosavlelaT mwyemsebs qiraobdnen. xSirad cxovelebs aqiravebdnen garkveuli sasoflo sameurneo samuSaoebis Sesasruleblad: mindorSi samuSaod, simZimeebis gadasatanad da sxva. xelosnoba warmodgenili iyo sxvadasxva profesiebiT. xelosanTa Sromis anazRaurebisaTvis dadgenili iyo myari fasebi da mkacri pasuxismgebloba Sesrulebul samuSaoebze.
Zvel mesopotamiaSi didi organizaciebis (sasaxle, taZari) gverdiT arsebobdnen sxva profesiuli asociaciebic: vaWrobisa da xelosnobis gaerTianebebi, romlebic gildiebis msgavsad iyvnen agebulni, mkiTxavTa profesionaluri jgufebi da boroti sulebis gamdevnTa maRalkvalificiuri specialistebi.

gamoyenebuli literatura

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Summary
Otar Kochoradze
Ivane Bejashvili
From a history of management
The knowledge of the last experience helps to realize specificity of modern management and develops aspiration to expect the future. At the same time, the knowledge of the history of management defines opportunities of its effective perfection. It is important for the Georgian scientists dealing with theoristy and practice of management. These scientists face the task of creating national model of management. Therefore special attention should be given to the study of a history of management in our country.



Резюме
Отар Кочорадзе
Иване Бежашвили
Из истории менеджмента
Знание прошлого опыта помогает осознать специфику современного менеджмента и развивает стремление предвидеть будущее. Вместе с тем, знание истории управления определяет возможности его эффективного совершенствования. Оно имеет большое значение для грузинских теоретиков и практиков менеджмента, перед которыми стоит задача создания национальной модели управления. Поэтому особое внимание следует уделить изучению истории менеджмента в нашей стране.